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L/S Vocabulary
Life Science Review Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Organization of organisms (smallest to largest): | Atom Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism |
| Atom: | Smallest component of an element |
| Molecule: | Smallest unit of compounds |
| Cell: | The basic unit of structure and function in living things |
| Tissue: | A group of similar cells that perform a specific function |
| Organ: | A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body |
| Organ system: | Group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions |
| Organism: | All organ systems that work together |
| Cell theory: | All organisms are composed of cells (single celled or multicellular) All cells come from pre-existing cells Cells are the basic unit of life |
| Homeostasis: | Maintenance of internal stable conditions that are necessary for life |
| Structure and function of cell wall: | Rigid layer that surrounds plant cells Helps protect and support the cell Only in plant cells |
| Structure and function of cell membrane: | Surrounds cells and separates them from outside environment Controls which substances enter and leave In both plant and animal cells |
| Structure and function of nucleus: | Large oval structure that directs all of the cell’s activities In both plant and animal cells |
| Structure and function of cytoplasm: | Thick, clear, gel-like fluid that carries nucleus and other organelles In both plant and animal cells |
| Structure and function of chloroplasts: | Green structure that captures energy from the sun and changes it to a form of energy used in making food Only in plant cells |
| Structure and function of mitochondria: | Rod-shaped structure that carries out cellular respiration, releasing energy for the cell to use In both plant and animal cells |
| Structure and function of vacuoles: | Sac that stores water, food, and other materials Plant cells often have one large vacuole |
| Function of digestive system: | Breaks down food into nutrients that the body can use |
| Function of respiratory system: | Breathe in oxygen, breathe out carbon dioxide |
| Function of circulatory system: | Carries materials such as water, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body |
| Function of reproductive system: | Produce egg cells in females and sperm cells in males |
| Function of excretory system: | Eliminate waste from the body |
| Function of immune system: | Produces antibodies that help fight disease |
| Function of nervous system: | Directs how the body responds to a stimulus |
| Function of musculoskeletal system: | Muscles and bones work together to support and move the body |
| Virus: | Infectious disease-causing agent that cannot be treated with antibiotics |
| Bacteria: | Infectious disease-causing agent that can be treated with antibiotics |
| Why and how are organisms classified: | Biologists group organisms based on similarities so that they are easier to study |
| 3 domains of the classification system: | The domain is the broadest level of organization Archaea Bacteria Eukarya |
| Kingdoms of the classification system: | Plant Animal Fungi Protist Bacteria Archaebacteria |
| Hierarchy of classification system: | Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
| Binomial nomenclature: | Two-name system that includes genus and species of an organism Genus starts with a capital letter and species starts with a lower-case letter |
| Difference between heterotroph and autotroph: | Heterotroph depends on other organisms for food Autotroph produces its own food |
| Difference between prokaryote and eukaryote: | Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus Eukaryotes have a nucleus |
| Evolution: | Gradual change over time |
| Natural selection: | Process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species |
| Adaptation: | Behavior and physical characteristics that allow organisms to live successfully in their environment |
| Explain how genetic variation and environmental factors contribute to evolution: | Evolution means change over time and adaptation leads to genetic variation within a species of an organism Organisms that have adapted to survive in a changing environment will reproduce, passing down the adapted trait to their offspring |
| DNA: | Genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring Located in the chromosomes of each cell |
| Heredity: | Passage of genetic instructions from one generation to the next |
| Genotype: | Genetic makeup represented by a two-letter gene combination Examples: Aa, Bb, Rr |
| Phenotype: | Physical appearance or visible trait Examples: brown hair, green eyes |
| From Punnett Square Ff x Ff, determine genotype and phenotype possibilities (F=freckles, f = no freckles): | Genotype possibilities: 25% FF, 50% Ff, and 25% ff Phenotype possibilities: 75% freckles, 25% no freckles |
| Dominant trait: | A trait that always shows up if the gene is present |
| Recessive trait: | A trait that is hidden if the dominant gene is present |
| Sexual reproduction / meiosis: | Involves two parents and combines their genetic material to produce a new organism that differs from both parents Meiosis – process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half as sex cells form |
| Asexual reproduction / mitosis: | Involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent Mitosis – cell’s nucleus divides into 2 new nuclei, and one copy of DNA is distributed into each daughter cell |
| Mutualism: | A relationship in which both species benefit |
| Predation: | An interaction in which one organism kills another for food or nutrients |
| Parasitism: | A relationship in which one organism benefits while the other organism is harmed |
| Competition: | Struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resources |
| Commensalism: | A relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed |
| Role of producers in energy transfer: | Source of all food in the ecosystem They make their own food |
| Role of consumers in energy transfer: | Obtains energy by feeding on other organisms |
| Role of decomposers in energy transfer: | Breaks down wastes and dead organismsand returns raw materials to the ecosystem |
| Process of energy transfer in a food web: | Energy moves through an ecosystem when one organism eats another |
| Food web: | Consists of many overlapping food chains and shows the flow of energy through an ecosystem |
| Primary consumer: | An organism that feeds directly on producers |
| Secondary consumer: | An organism that eats the primary consumer |
| Tertiary consumer: | An organism that eats secondary consumers |
| Limiting factors in an ecosystem and impact on populations: | An environmental factor that causes a population to stop growing or decrease Examples: food, shelter, water, space, disease |
| Process of photosynthesis: | Process in which plants make their own food Chlorophyll (green pigment in plant cells) absorbs sunlight that provides energy for plant cells to take carbon dioxide and water to make glucose (food) and release oxygen |
| Process of cellular respiration: | Cells break down glucose molecules in the presence of oxygen, then release energy to be used by cells |
| Describe transfer of matter in carbon cycle: | Describe transfer of matter in carbon cycle: Process by which carbon moves within and between organisms and the environment: Producers take in CO2 to make food (carbon-containing molecules) Consumers eat producers and take in carbon-containing molecu |
Created by:
MrsTabor