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P3 Flashcards
Different from "Period Rev" flashcards which cover the paper Review Challenges.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| "Join or Die" cartoon & Albany Congress (1754) | Franklin's cartoon urged colonial unity against France. ___ ___ ___ advocated unified colonial government. Both rejected by Britain & the colonies but foreshadowed future cooperation. |
| Seven Years' War / French & Indian War (1754-1763) | Dispute over Ohio River Valley. Washington sparked conflict with French troops. Treaty of Paris gave Britain control but war debts led to new taxes — setting stage for Revolution. |
| Proclamation of 1763 | Forbid colonial settlement west of Appalachian Mountains to prevent conflicts with Native Americans. Colonists resented and ignored it. Helped fuel tensions leading to Revolution. |
| Sugar Act (1764) | First law passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue from colonies. Increased duties on foreign sugar. Colonial protests led to lower taxes. Fueled 'no taxation without representation' sentiment. |
| Stamp Act & Stamp Act Congress (1765) | First direct tax on colonies — required stamped paper on legal & trade documents. Colonists called it fiscal aggression. ___ ___ ___ united 27 delegates; sparked nonimportation agreements. |
| Declaratory Act (1766) | Passed after Stamp Act repeal. Asserted Britain had the same authority to tax America as in Great Britain. Set up future conflicts over colonial taxation. |
| Townshend Acts (1767) | Light import duties on glass, lead, paper, paint & tea. Payable at American ports. Led to nonimportation agreements & smuggled tea. New York's legislature suspended for defying Quartering Act. |
| Boston Massacre (1770) | British troops fired on colonists who threw snowballs, killing 5. Only 2 redcoats convicted of manslaughter. Used as propaganda by Patriots to inflame anti-British sentiment. |
| Boston Tea Party & Intolerable Acts (1774) | Colonists dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor. In response, Britain passed ___ ___ — closing Boston Harbor, restricting town meetings & expanding the Quartering Act. |
| First Continental Congress (1774) | Met in response to Intolerable Acts. 55 delegates from 12 colonies. Created the Association — complete boycott of British goods. Issued declaration of rights. Parliament rejected all petitions. |
| Shot Heard Round the World - Lexington & Concord (1775) | British troops marched to seize colonial weapons. Minutemen fired at Lexington & Concord. Redcoats forced to retreat. The ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ began the Revolutionary War. |
| Thomas Paine's Common Sense (1776) | Argued for independence & creation of a democratic republic. Written in plain language for all readers. Widely popular among Patriots. Strengthened support for breaking from Britain. |
| Declaration of Independence (1776) | Jefferson drafted a formal statement of separation from Britain. Invoked natural rights of humankind. Adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. |
| Victories at Trenton and Princeton (1776-1777) | GW surprised 1,000 Hessians at ___ and defeated a British detachment at Princeton. Both victories were critical morale boosts for the struggling Continental Army. |
| Battle of Saratoga (1777) | Turning point of the Revolution. Burgoyne's British army surrendered to Horatio Gates. French entered the war as American allies afterward. British offered home rule — rejected. |
| Articles of Confederation (1777) | First US governing document. No taxing power, no executive, no power to regulate commerce. Each state had one vote; 9 states needed to pass bills. Unanimous vote to amend. |
| Winter at Valley Forge (1777-1778) | Brutal winter — 11,000 troops stationed at ___ ___ ___; many died of disease. Washington held the army together. Emerged as a stronger, more disciplined fighting force. |
| Battle of Yorktown (1781) | Admiral de Grasse, Washington & Rochambeau cornered Cornwallis. British had lost control of the seas. Cornwallis surrendered — last decisive battle of the Revolution. |
| Northwest Ordinance (1787) | Established process for territories to join the union. Forbade slavery in the Northwest Territory. Area first subordinate to federal gov. Encouraged westward expansion. |
| Shays' Rebellion (1787) | Debt-ridden farmers led by Daniel Shays shut down courts & seized a federal arsenal. Massachusetts raised a militia to suppress it. Alarmed leaders & boosted calls for a stronger federal gov. |
| Federalist Papers published (1787-1788) | Essays by Hamilton, Madison & Jay urging ratification of the Constitution. Addressed Anti-Federalist fears. Among the most important documents in American political history. |
| Ratification of the Constitution (1788) | Anti-Federalists demanded a Bill of Rights before ratifying. Promise to add one secured enough support. Established the framework of American government still in use today. |
| Hamilton's Economic Plan (1790) | Assumed state war debts. Set an 8% import tariff. Taxed whiskey — hurt farmers. Created a national bank to stabilize currency, stimulate business & hold federal deposits. |
| 2-Party System begins (1792) | Jefferson & Madison opposed Hamilton's economic program. Led to the formation of Democratic-Republicans vs. Federalists. Launched America's enduring two-party political tradition. |
| Whiskey Rebellion (1794) | Farmers rebelled against Hamilton's whiskey excise tax. Tarred & feathered tax officers. Washington sent troops — rebels dispersed. Demonstrated federal authority under the new Constitution. |
| Jay's Treaty (1795) | Britain agreed to evacuate the Northwest Territory, compensate for seizures of American ships & grant US trading privileges in British markets. Widely unpopular with Americans. |
| Washington's Farewell Address (1796) | Warned against permanent foreign alliances & political factions. Reflected exhaustion from partisan battles. Advised temporary alliances for emergencies only. A foundational foreign policy statement. |
| Adams Presidency - XYZ Affair & Alien and Sedition Acts (1797) | France demanded bribes before talks — 'Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute.' Alien Act raised citizenship residency. Sedition Act punished criticism of gov — attacked free speech. |
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dddemchuk12