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History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Buddhism origins | hindu prince (siddhartha Guatama) from nepal (563-483 BCE) |
| Buddhism practices | rejected wealth searches for the meaing of human suffering no gods -Appealed to lower-rank (rejects social hierarchies, meaining it can apply to anyone, spread throughout asia) -in india, it was absorbed into hinduism |
| 4 Nobel Truths | Buddhism 1. all life is suffering 2. suffering is caused by desire 3. one can be freed of this desire 4. one can be freed by following a prescribed path |
| Theravada | -meditiation -simplicity -nirvana is the reunciation of human consciousness & the self -"the way of the Elders" -conservative/personal enlightenment |
| Mahayana | -"greater vehicle" -ritual-heavy, complex -help ALL reach nirvana Bodhisattva= someone who delays nirvana to help others -believed buddha's teachings aren't a big sacrifice --> other forms of salvation are posible -open to other religions |
| When did chrisitanity grow in popularity | became the most influential religion in the meditarenean basin in the 3rd century |
| who did chrisitanity appeal to | the lower class & women because it promises eternal life regardless of personal circumstances |
| Confusianism | started in China around 400 BCE -focus on political and social order -compatable with other religions/not theological -tight knitt communities (everyone had responcibilies to each other) |
| Confusianism origin | Confusious was an educator & political advisor |
| Analects | collection of confusious's thoughts & teachings |
| Confusianism: five building blocks of society | ruler/subjects, parent/child, husband/wife, older/younger sibling, friend/friend |
| Brahma | Hinduism, one supreme force, the creator who is in all things -Hindu gods are manifestations of him |
| two hindu gods u should know | Vishue the preserver & shiva the destroyer |
| Hindu life goal | merge w/ Brahma -considered impossible to complete in 1 lifetime (reincarnation) -your preformance in your assignned role determines your next life |
| dharma | rules & obligations in Hindusim of the caste system |
| Moksha | the highest state of being in Hinduism -perfect internal peace and release of the soul |
| Vedas | oldest Hindu sacred texts The Vedas are the foundation scriptures of early Hinduism/Vedic religion. external ritual religion |
| Upanishads | philosophical ending of the Vedas nternal philosophical religion |
| Islam | -7th century -God transmitted his words through Mahammad -savation is achieved through submission to the living God |
| Five Pillars of Islam | 1. confession of faith 2. prayer five times per day 3. charity to the needy 4. fasting during holy month of Ramadan 5. pilgrimage to Mecca (city in Saudi Arabia where Islam originated) |
| Two sects of Islam | sunni and shia -they split over diagreements about who should suceed Muhammad as the leader of the faith |
| Umayyad Dynasty | -helped spread Islam to other parts of the Middle East -1st Islamic empire |
| Abbasid Dynasty | replaced the Umayyads -750-1258 -eventually defeated by the Mongols -golden Age (began mid 19th century) -arts/sciences -Baghdad (capital) -built around trade (introduced the idea of credit, etc) |
| Dar la Islam | the Islamic world |
| list the Islamic empires in chronological order | Umayyad Abbasid (750) ottoman |
| Judaism | Hebrews from the Middle East -God selected a group of people and made himself known to them -He would preverse them for all time if they follow his laws and worship him |
| How is judasim unique from other religions | -unique relationship w/ God -created by personal sovereign God -World created for them to enjoy - free will - destiny of the world is paradise, reached by humans w/ divine help -created in God's image ALSO, both religious and cultural system |
| House of Wisdom | libray in Baghdad -innovations in medicine and mathematics -preserved classic knowledge from Ancient Greece and Rome |
| Nasir al Din al Tusi | (1201-1274) -astronomy, mathematics, philosophy and ethics -trigonometry -scholars of the medieval Islamic world during the Abbasid dynasty and era of the Mongol Empire |
| how did the Abbasid Caliphate weaken | -civil war (sunni VS Shia & ethnic differences) -eventually, enslaved Turkish warriors revolted and established a new capital in Samarra, Iraq |
| Seljuk Turks | a monadic Sunni group who posed a constant threat to the weakening Abbasid dynasty |
| how did the Abbasid Dynasty end | During the Crusades (1258), the Mongols overran the Empire and destroyed Baghdad -the empire's people fled to Egypt |
| Ottoman Turks | -reunited Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in a new Islamic state -lasted until 1918 |
| Middle Ages | period after the fall of Rome and before the Renaissance -476-1520 |
| What happened after the fall of Rome | Eastern Rome (which was centered in Constantinople) became the Byzantine empire -western collapsed completely |
| Fueudalism | king Nobels (land in exchange for military service) vassals (given smaller sects of land from Nobels) peasants (serfs) worked land & couldnt leave without permission from lord - crop rotation -women given few rights but were adored for beauty |
| How did Europe begin to reengage with society during the Middle Ages | -manors are self-sufficient, serfs produced what they need - some became skilled in trade, earned $, weakened feudalism - banking began in Europe & middle-class of urban craftsmen & merchants rose -Europe engaged w/ rest of world by 11th century |
| around what time did Europe begin forming states | 13th century -germeny and ital decentralized -England and France developed quickly |
| interregnum | time between kings |
| magna Carta | -spanish nobels rebel & force king John to sign this document -renstated frudal rights of the Nobels while extending rule of law to other people in the country -1st time a king agreed to limit his power -laid foundation of parliament, due process |
| Joan of Arc | -claimed to have heard voices tell her to liberate France from England, who had by the early 15th century claimed the entire French territory |
| hundred years war | England had by the early 15th century claimed the entire French territory -1337-1453 -resulted in England's withdraw from France |
| Spanish Inquisiition | -started in the late 15th century -extreme religious persecution -established by catholic monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella in Spain |
| Russia during the Middle Ages | -Eastern Orthodox -defending themselves from western invaders -succumbed to the Tatars (a group of Mongols from the east) under Gengis Khan in 1242, they ruled for two centuries |
| Russia after Mongol power started declining | |
| Song Dynasty | 960-1279 -golden Age -confusianism justified the inferiority of women (foot binding) - |
| Ming dynasty | 1368-1644 -golden Age -followed a period of Mongol domination |
| Buddhism in china | Mahayana Buddhism -won converts among the educated -confusians saw it as a drain on the treasury and labor pool (buddhists dismiss the pursuit of material acculmination) Daoists saw them as a rival religion |
| Japan (in the middle ages AKA (476-1520) | -4 island = isolated -feudalism (shogun, daimyo, samurai) -Yoritomo Minamoto was given the title of Shogun |
| Shogun | military general in Japan who held the real power in Japanese society -the emperor was a symbol or figurehead, not a powerful political figure |
| Code of Bushido | strict code of conduct followed by the samurai in japan around 476-1520 ish (medieval times) |
| Order of Chinese dynasties |
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Blessed Rectangle 10