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Unit 2 review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| SA:V Ratio | Cells need a high surface area-to-volume ratio to optimize exchange of material through the plasma membrane |
| Cells | All cells have: Plasma membrane Cytosol DNA chromosomes Ribosomes |
| Compartmentalization | Allows for different metabolic reactions to occur Increases surface area for reactions Prevents interfering reactions |
| Unique cell components to animals | Lysosomes Centrosomes Flagella |
| Nucleolus | Dense region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) made rRNA is combined with proteins to form large and small subunits of ribosomes. Assemble into ribosomes which translate messages found on mRNA into the primary structure of polypeptides |
| Ribosomes : Comprised of ribosomal RNA and protein | Function: synthesize proteins Can be found in two locations: Cytosol “Free” ribosomes Proteins for function within cytosol Ex: enzymes OR "Bound” to ER or nuclear envelope Proteins for export out of cell, “secretion” Leave via vesicles Ex: insulin |
| ER: | A network of membranous sacs off the nuclear membrane Functions: Synthesizes membranes Compartmentalizes: keep proteins made by rough ER separate from proteins made by the free ribosomes |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and Smooth ER | Rough ER: Ribosomes bound to it and Smooth ER: No ribosomes and synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies the cell (drugs, toxins ->liver cells have a lot!) |
| Golgi Complex | Contains flattened membranous sacs called cisternae, each cisternae not connected and has directionality, Cis face: Receives vesicles from the ER + Trans face: Sends vesicles to plasma membrane for secretion or to various organelles in cytosol |
| Golgi Complex FXN: | Receives transport vesicles from ER, Modifies the materials, Sorts the materials. Adds molecular tags for distribution Repackages materials into new transport vesicles for exit out of the cell via exocytosis |
| Lysosome | Membranous sac with hydrolytic enzymes and in animal cells only. Hydrolyzes macromolecules (enzymes to digest) Autophagy: can recycle cell’s own organic materials and allows cell to recycle components |
| Peroxisomes | Membrane bound metabolic compartment, Detox cell of H2O2 (common byproduct of metabolism) changing it to water, Breaks down fatty acids, Free radical scavengers |
| Vacuoles: Large vesicles that stem from the ER and Golgi Transport | Food: Form via phagocytosis (cell eating), digested by lysosomes Contractile: Ejects water to maintain water levels in cells Central: Only in plants, Contains water and inorganic ions (nutrients) Important for turgor pressure |
| Endosymbiont Theory | Explains similarities mitochondria and chloroplasts have to prokaryotes. Early eukaryotic cell ate a prokaryotic cell. Became one functional organism |
| Endosymbiont Theory Evidence | Double membraned, Ribosomes more similar to bacterial, own circular DNA (like a bacteria), and capable of reproducing on their own |
| Mitochondria | Intermembrane: space between inner and outer membrane Mitochondrial matrix: enclosed by inner membrane: Location of Krebs cycle and has enzymes: for cellular respiration (ATP), mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes |
| Chloroplast | Site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll inside of its double membrane: Thylakoids: Membranous sacs in stacks called grana Light dependent reactions |
| Chloroplast 2 | Stroma: fluid around thylakoids Location for the Calvin cycle Contains: Chloroplast DNA, Ribosomes, and Enzymes |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of fibers throughout cytoplasm Gives structural support (mainly animal cells) and motility: Anchors organelles, Allows for movement of vesicles, organelles, and/or the entire cell, Interacts with motor proteins |
| Microtubules | Hollow rod-like structures made of the protein tubulin: support (think: tracks) for the movement of organelles with motor proteins Grow from centrosome and assist separation of chromosomes during cell division Creates cell’s motile structures |
| Centrosome | Animal-like cell only microtubule-organizing center, Origin of all microtubules in cell. Major role in animal-like cell division. |
| Microfilaments | Thin solid rod made of protein actin, Muscle contraction and cell motility, Actin and 2nd protein, myosin, interact to cause a contraction, Maintain cell shape & Bear tension (pulling forces) In Animals: Help form cleavage furrow |
| Intermediate Filaments | Fibrous proteins made up of varying subunits (keratin of skin cells) Permanent structure in SOME animal cells. Maintain cell shape, anchor nucleus and organelles.Form the nuclear lamina Lines the nuclear envelope and give structure to nucleus |
| Cell Wall | A cross-linked network of structural polysaccharides |
| Plant Cell Wall | Thicker than plasma membranes, Contain plasmodesmata Hole like structures in the cell wall filled with cytosol, Connect adjacent cells for communication. |
| ECM (extracellular matrix): Structure | Outside the cell, Cell secretes, Network of connective glycoproteins and other carbohydrate containing molecules. |
| ECM: Function | Cell anchorage , Cell communication Only animal cells have any major |
| Intercellular Junctions (between cells) | Proteins that connect cells to other cells. Plants: open junctions only = Plasmodesmata Animals: open & closed |
| Animal Cell Junctions | Name & Function: Tight: seal Desmosomes: anchor Gap: communicate "open" junction |
Created by:
nuhaSalim