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Circulation/Bleeding
Circulation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does PVC stand for? | Pre-ventricular contractions. |
| What are pre-ventricular contractions? | Pauses during a regular heart rhythm. Can be caused by caffeine. |
| What should you ask if you find someone with an irregular heart rhythm? | Do you have an irregular heart rhythm normally? |
| What are the three main locations you can check a pulse? | Radial, carotid, brachial. |
| What rhythms are shockable? | V-fib and Pulseless V-tac |
| What rhythms are not shockable? | Normal sinus rhythm and asystole |
| What can checking skin colour, temperature and moisture tell you about a patient? | The state of their overall perfusion. |
| What is perfusion? | Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet cells' needs. |
| What does blood consist of? | Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. |
| What does JVD stand for? | Jugular Venous Distension. It is a sign of increased jugular venous pressure. This can be caused by right-sided heart failure, cardiac tamponade or fluid overload. |
| How can you observe JVD? | Evaluating the anterolateral aspects of the neck. |
| What is an early sign of abdominal bleeding? | Restless anxiety |
| When dealing with a laceration, should you let any tellfa or abd pads stick out behind the zap stop? | No, add more zap straps if needed |
| When do you perform chevrons? | To stablize an impaled object |
| What is a trauma sandwich? | Telfa, abdo pad, zap strap or tensor. |
| What do you do with an amputated limb on the ground? | Place the part in a bag wrapped in dressings that have been moistened with saline and place on ice. |
| What are the different types of shock? | Hypovolemic, distributive, obstructive, cardiogenic |
| What are the stages of shock? | Compensated shock, decompensated shock, irreversible shock |
| What is the management of shock? | High flow O2, supine or position of comfort, warmth(blanket), treat underlying causes, maintain airway, RTC |
| What are some early indications of shock? | Restless anxiety, cool moist skin. |
| What is stroke volume? | The amount of blood ejected per contraction |
| What type of bleed is associated with bright red, spurting blood? | An arterial bleed. |
| What type of bleed is associated with dark red, slowly bleeding? | A venous bleed. |
| What type of bleed is associated with small, oozing bleeds? | Capillary bleed. |
| What is pericardial tamponade? | Pericardial tamponade happens when excessive fluid builds up in the pericardial sac. This impedes the heart from filling properly and causes a decrease in cardiac output. |
| What is aortic dissection? | Damage to the aorta walls as a result of shearing forces. Blood flow out of the heart is affected as it leaks out of the aorta. |
| What is cardiogenic shock? | The heart is not able to pump enough blood. |
| What is distributive shock? | Loss of systemic vascular resistance due to widespread vasodilation. |
| What is obstructive shock? | Clots, blockages, pericardial tamponade and myocardial infarction. Blockages in the circulatory system preventing blood from getting around. |
| What should you do with the flesh in an avulsion? | Place it back where is roughly was and wrap it. |
| What is diaphoresis? | Sudden abnormal sweating. A sign of shock. |
| When should you wound pack and where should you do it? | You should wound pack major uncontrolled bleeds only if you can't tourniquet the area. Wound packing should be done in junctional areas. (Eg. groin, armpit.) |
| Where should you place a tourniquet? | 2-4 inches above the injury or just above the joint on a single long bone. |
| What is homeostasis? | The body processes that balance the supply and demand of the body's needs. (This process is seen in the body maintaining consistent temperature and blood glucose levels.) |
| Causes of internal bleeding? | Blunt trauma(Shearing, crushing, compression.) |
| What happens if solid organs are damaged? What happens if hollow organs are damaged? | Solid organs will bleed more and cause tenderness/distension on the abdomen. Hollow organs will leak their contents and is a common cause of peritonitis. (Life threatening infection of the peritoneum causing inflammation.) |
| What is syncope? | Fainting |
| Should you move a patient who is experiencing an MI? | No, you should try to keep the patient from exerting themselves in any way. |
| What is ischemia? | Reduced blood flow causing cell distress. |
| What is Infarction? | Tissue death distal to the clot. |
| Which arteries are affected in angina and myocardial infarction? (Acute coronary syndrome) | The coronary arteries. |
| What is lumen? | The space inside the artery. |
| What is Atherosclerosis? What does it lead to and what does it often occur with? | Thickening of the artery wall due to plaque formation. Leads to a decrease in lumen and contributes to the formation of clots. Often occurs arteriosclerosis(hardening of artery walls.) |
| What is angina? What are the two forms of it? | Plaque in the coronary arteries leading to decreased blood flow. The two forms are stable and unstable angina. Unstable includes the sudden rupture of atherosclerotic plaques and formation of clots which causes a greater degree of obstruction. |
| What is myocardial infarction? | A complete blockage in the coronary arteries. Any tissue distal to the blockage cannot be perfused and starts to die. |
| What are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood? | The pulmonary veins |
| What is cardiac output? | Amount of blood pumped out in a minute |
| What is heart rate? | The number of times the heart contracts in a minute |
| What is stroke volume? | The amount of blood pumped in a single beat |
| What is the equation for cardiac output? | CO = SV x HR |
| What do veins have that prevent the back flow of blood? | Valves. |
| What is congestive heart failure? | Congestive heart failure is when the heart is unable to pump blood out of the ventricles efficiently which causes a backup of blood in each side. (Right side of heart = backup of systemic circuit)(Left side of heart = backup of pulmonary circuit) |
| What causes right sided heart failure? | Left sided heart failure. |
| What causes left sided heart failure? | Ischemic damage |
| What are some signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade? | The three Ds. (Beck's triad), Distended jugular veins, diminished heart sounds and decreased arterial pressure. (Hypotension) |
| What are some signs and symptoms of aortic dissection? | Unique chest pain that can be described as shearing, stabbing or tearing. Upper back pain and bilaterally different blood pressures. |
| What is Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)? What is a unique sign you can find with this during an physical examination? | Aneurysm in the lower aorta, usually right below the renal arteries. You can palpate a pulsatile mass(or multiple) in the abdomen. |
| What is pulse pressure? | The difference in systolic and diastolic pressures. |
| If a patient is showing signs of shock(Anxious, PCC), but no signs of external haemorrhage. What might you suspect and where might you spend extra care in examine? | Internal bleeding. Examine the abdomen, for pain, tenderness, distention, rigidity and swelling. |
| What is ecchymosis? | A flat discolouration usually black/blue/purple. Indicative of blood under the skin/internal bleeding. |
| How do you treat a neck laceration? | 4 sided occlusive dressing and an abdominal pad on top. Be careful not to tape over the trachea and choke out the patient. |
| What is the leading cause of heart disease? | Obesity |
| What is an aneurysm? | What I get when I study too long. Weakened, bulging section of an artery. |
| What are some common blood thinners? What age group of patients are frequently on blood thinners? | Warfarin, eliquis and ASA. Geriatrics. |
Created by:
Levelstorm3950