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Micro lab week 11

QuestionAnswer
Bacteriophage A virus that infects bacterial cells. The name literally means "bacteria eater".
Structure of bacteriophage Consists of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat.
Nature of bacteriophage Viruses are considered non-living, obligate parasites that require a living host cell to replicate.
Specificty of bacteriophage Interactions between phages and hosts are highly specific to certain species and strains. For example, Phage T4 specifically targets E. coli.
Lyctic cycle Virulent phages;Ends with the destruction of the host cell Adsorption: Attachment to the host. Penetration: Genetic material is transferred into the host. Synthesis: Host cell produces viral components. Maturation: Viral components are assembled into new phages. Release: The host cell bursts (lyses), releasing new phages to infect others.
Lysogenic cycle (Temperate Phages): The phage remains dormant within the host for a period. Steps 1 & 2 are the same as lytic (Adsorption and Penetration). Prophage: Viral genetic material is incorporated into the host’s chromosome. Eventually, an environmental change triggers the phage to enter synthesis, maturation, and release
Antibiotic A substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms at high concentrations.
Nosocomial infection An infection acquired specifically in a hospital setting.
Broad spectrum Effective against a wide variety of bacterial types.
Narrow spectrum Effective against only a few types
Penicillin Inhibits "transpeptidation" (the forming of cross-links in the cell wall peptidoglycan). This leads to osmotic lysis. It is primarily effective against Gram-positive species. from Penicillium chrysogenum
Vancomycin Also targets Gram-positive bacteria by blocking cell wall construction at the enzyme binding site. It is often used as an "antibiotic of last resort".
Erythromicin Binds to the 50S rRNA to inhibit peptide bond formation during protein synthesis. - broad spectrum
Tetracycline Interferes with the tRNA anticodon's ability to read the mRNA codon. - broad spectrum
Efflux pumps Transmembrane channels that actively pump antibiotics out of the cell.
Modified target sites Changing the structure the antibiotic usually binds to, making the drug ineffective.
Enzymes Producing substances that modify or destroy the antibiotic compound within the cell
Inaccessibility If the antibiotic cannot penetrate the cell membrane, it cannot work.
Disk Diffusion (Kirby-Bauer Method) Antibiotic-soaked disks are placed on a bacterial lawn. A "Zone of Inhibition" (clear area) is measured to determine sensitivity
Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Uses liquid cultures with doubling concentrations of antibiotics. The MIC is the lowest concentration that prevents visible bacterial growth.
Antibiotic resistance the ability of bacteria and other microorganisms to resist the effects of an antibiotic to which they were previously sensitive
RIbosome inhibition of protein synthesis
DNA inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
cell wall inhibition of cell wall synthesis
cell membrane disruption of cell membrane function
Folic acid block pathways and inhibit metabolism
Bacteriological Examination of water tests Three stages 1. Presumptive 2. Confirmed 3. Completed
Presumptive test 10,1,0.1 ml water indicator-bromothymol blue (pH) and durham tube (gas) acid production- yello, bubbles confirm CO2 Most probably number per 100 organisms in a reference chart
Confirmed test Loop full unto EMB rule out non-coliform gram + bacteria (clostridium and bacillus) EMB for Gram- with change for lactose fermentation
Completed test Brilliant green bile broth and nutrient agar slant BGBB is selective and indentifies growth of bile
FInal Confirmation gram stain on nutrient agar slant mut be gram negative rods
Created by: agk236
 

 



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