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Evolutionary
Agriculture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where did agriculture probably start? | Middle east |
| The effect of agriculture on human traits (4) | 1. 1800 genes identified become widespread since advent of ag. 2. response to selection pressure from diseases of ag. communities, and more dense pop. 3. Some genes are associated with digestion of ag. products 4. variants may be due to their hitching a ride with nearby beneficial gene |
| What is an example of selection pressure causing change in genetics of certain people groups | e.g resistance of urban people to TB Similar to the small pox and HIV resistance |
| Communicable disease | Spread from human to human through different forms of contact example TB; European community immune to communicable disease NA did not have |
| What is an example of a thrift gene? | NA high fiber and feast famine traditions favored fat hoarding making them 2x more likely to dev. type 2 diabetes |
| Spread of lactose tolerance: where is it the most lactose tolerant region of the world? Why? | Europe; tolerance and digestion of milk products more crucial More selection pressure |
| 3 genetic stocks when it comes to lactose tolerance | 1. hunter gatherers 2. middle east 3. steppe people |
| Occurrence of lactose tolerance is highly correlated with ______________ and seems to reflect some ____________ evolution | pastoralists; convergent |
| What is interesting about the africans that are lactose tolerant | genes for the lactose tolerance are different than seen in the europeans; which is substi. of T for C of lactose non-persistent gene |
| How many people on earth have lactose tolerance enzyme | 1/3 |
| As Middle eastern Neolithic cultures moved into Europe: | farming and herding tech. out competed hunter gatherers; researchers estimated that the mutation would have produced up to 19% more fertile offspring than those who lacked (ag.). |
| Domestication characteristics: | retention of juvenile traits in adult tolerant of humans (bonding even) juvenile traits seen in adults: droopy ears ex. Certain traits dragged by closely linked desirable variant sel. of favored physical traits, may be independent of behavioral traits** |
| **sel. of favored physical traits, may be independent of behavioral traits** example: | Beef cattle and milk cows: Milk cows are very temperamental; violent Beef cattle produce less milk, but very human tolerant (neither would survive well in nature) |
| Domestication of plants is typically associated with (2) | Increased food value and decreased defenses against pests |
| __________ is common in agriculture; increases plant vigor | Polyploidy |
| Example of polyploidy in agriculture | Einkorn wheat- possibly first domesticated crop from a natural cross of two Triticum from Turkey |
| If the plant does not have to defend against pests ___________ | it can spend more energy on producing fruit |
| Spikes of wild, hybrid, and cultivated wheat (4) | 1, Aegilops tauschii 2. Triploid F1 hybrid between durum wheat and Ae. tauschii (non-free threshing) 3. Spelt (non-free threshing) 4. Bread wheat (free-threshing) |
| what does free-threshing mean? | Seed hull comes off during threshing- not like oats |
| Durum wheat is the only ___________ of ___________ importance. Makes ____________ because of ___________ content | tetraploid; commercial; good flat bread; high gluten content, but not elastic dough |
| Modern corn is descendent of __________ | TEOSINTE of south central Mexico |
| Difference between teosinte and maize is about ______ genes | 5 |
| Irish potato famine result of: | Reduced resistance as food value increase lack of genetic variation to potato blight |
| Types of potato used during the time of the potato famine: Attacked by: | Lumper potato clones Fungus like oomycete |
| Increased genetic variation may produce less yield but _______ crops | more secure |
| What crop does Phytophthora infestans (type of water mold) impact? | tomatoes; this fungus was very hard to get out of the soil |
| Pest responses to human agricultural Anti-pest strategies: arms race 2 big ideas | 1. Genetically modified crops typically contain bacterial toxins; herbivores have been evolving 2. crop rotation resistant varieties of pests have started to appear |
| Genetically modified crops typically contain toxins to bacteria; bacteria has been evolving | BT toxin (Bacillus thruringiensis) normally a highly successful bacterial toxin against herbivores (caterpillars/grubs) BT corn and BT soybeans used by organic farmers (long range safety) Insect resistance has been evolving as BT becomes widely used |
| What insects have been evolving resistance to BT: | leaf and stem eaters, larva subterranean root eater western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera) |
| Cross resistance occurs when resistance to one BT toxin reduces ________________ to another ______________ | Susceptibility to another BT toxin |
| What states have found BT resistant herbivores? | Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska |
| Strategies to thwart BT resistance in root worms? | Refugia to try and prevent resistance; refugia preserve the non-resistant insects to REPRODUCE, retaining nonresistance gene in the pop. |
| where would the BT refugia take place? | non-BT corn or refugia of unsprayed field section |
| Crop rotation resistant varieties of pests have started to appear: what crops are involved in the example we talked about? | Corn and soybean crops in Illinois |
| One strain of western corn _________ has transferred its egg laying behavior to _______________ field instead of corn fields | rootworm; soybean |
| How does this change in egg laying behavior cause problems for the farmers? | Adaptation has allowed these rootworms to lay eggs in fields they know corn will be grown the next year, and their food source is then in correct spot Farmers would normally rotate in soybeans to infested fields, which are unaffected, but the pest learned to lay eggs where corn will be |
| What is another example of crop rotation resistance? | Northern corn rootworm |
| How does the northern corn rootworm resist crop rotation? | Extended diapause (phase of arrested development; dormancy) eggs overwinter for two years waiting for corn rotation planting to return to the field |
| What is evolutionary switching and an example? | Pests switching what types of crop they will affect and use in a field Hawthorn to apple maggots |
| The maggot fly switched over to the _____________ | apple; apples mature earlier; hawthorn became less appealing in taste, in 1850s switched to laying eggs in apples May lead to species divergence |
| What was Dr. Dudts quote about finding a worm in an apple | It is bad to find a worm in your apple, it is worse to find a half of a worm when you take a bite. |
Created by:
llamaandlearning