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AP BIO QUIZ 3.5

QuestionAnswer
what is a chi-square test used for generally? a stats hypothesis test used to evaluate if difference between observed and expected results is caused by change or by variables.
what is a chi-square test used for genetically? do the observed results show predicted Mendelian ratios determined by Principle of Independent Assortment? Is independent assortment happening?
what is a chi-square test null hypothesis? mendelian ratios are followed because of independent assortment. genes are not linked (not on the same chromosome)
what is a chi-square test alternative hypothesis? no mendelian rations because there is no independent assortment. genes are linked on the same chromosome.
when do you reject or fail to reject the hypothesis? when p value is less than or equal (reject), greater (fail to reject null) when p value is low, the null hypothesis has got to go!
how do you calculate E values? you MUST use a ratio. either 1:1:1:1 OR 9:3:3:1
what are degrees of freedom? # of phenotypic options minus 1
what are pedigrees? (3) a family tree - used to figure out pattern of inheritance, identifies individual genotypes when given certain information, identifies mode of inheritance (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, x linked dominant, x linked recessive)
principle of dominance exceptions (2) incomplete dominance and codominance
principle of segregation exception nondisjunction, prevents separation
principle of independent assortment exception linked genes, crossing over can cancel out the exception
what is incomplete dominance? 2 extremes and a blend. RR or rr (red), Rr or rw (pink), rr or ww (white).
what is codominance? 2 or more extremes (multiple alleles) and combos where 2 extremes coexists. no blend.
what is polygenic inheritance? more than one gene involved in determining trait, gives continuous range of many phenotypes. ex. human height
what is multifactoral inheritance? more than 1 factor (gene and environment) involved in determining trait.
what are sex linked traits? gene for a trait is on a sex chromosome (x not y) can affect males and females differently.
look at nondisjunction diagrams and defs! ok
Created by: studying11
 

 



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