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Biology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which is the correct order for taxonomy or the scientific classification system? | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| What are the 4 derived characteristics that all chordates possess? | Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail. |
| What are the 4 main types of floral organs? | Sepals: the bud of the flower, green Petals: brightly colored to help with pollination Stamen: male reproductive organs Carpals: female reproductive organs |
| What are the three types of DNA repair? | mismatch repair, base excision repair, and nucleotide excision repair |
| T/F abiotic is non-living things? | True |
| What are the three observations of evolution? | Rich diversity of life, many shared characteristics, and animals are suited to their environment |
| What are the three causes of evolution? | Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow |
| What is Adaptive Radiation? | Process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, alters biotic interactions or opens new environmental niches |
| What is Cladistics? | A system where common ancestory is the primary criterion. |
| What is phenotypic plasticity? | Changes in an organisms behaviors, morphology and physiology in repsonse to an unique enviorment |
| What are the different types of mutations? | Point - mutation at a single base pair Substitution - swap one base pair for another Deletion - move a base pair Insertions - add a base pair |
| Prezygotic vs. Postzygotic barriers? | Prezygotic - Block fertilization from occuring Postzygotic - stop successful reporduction after zygote is formed |
| What is an outgroup? | An unrelated group use to root a tree |
| What is Peroxisomes and it's functions? | Peroxisomes is a specilaized metabolic campartment bounded by a single membrane. It removed hydrogen atoms from various substances and transfers them into oxygen forming hydrogen peroxide. They also help break down fatty acids. |
| Name the different type of connective tissues and decribe them? | Loose - anywhere they is epithelia tissue; organs, skin , helps hold in place Fibrous - ligaments and tendons - holds body structure Bone - skeleton Adipose - fat Cartliage - support and flexible Blood - cells to carry nutrients |
| What are the differences between gymnosperm and angiosperm? | Gymnosperm forms a clade that produces seeds that are not enclosed in chambers (naked seeds) while angiosperm forms a clade that prodcues seeds that develop inside chambers that orginate within flowers. |
| What are the degree of dominance? | Complete Dominance - anytime one allele masks the other allele Incomplete Dominance - Blending, mix of parents Codominance - two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways |
| What are the living and nonliving levels of ecology? | Living - Organismal Ecology, Population Ecology, Community Ecology Nonliving - Ecosystem Ecology, Landscape Ecology, Global Ecology |
| What is Evolution? | Change in genetic composition of a population over time |
| Evolutions act on: | Populations |
| The diploid cell of a cow contains 60 chromosomes, meiosis results in the formation of daughter cells containing _______ chromosomes. | 30 |
| What are proteins made out of? | Amino acids |
| What is a genotype? | genetic makeup |
| What is a phenotype? | physical attribute |
| What is selection pressure and give example. | Selection pressure is outside forces driving adaption, examples of these include predation and drought. |
| Sister taxa evolve from each other. | False (share a common ancestor) |
| What are the similarities and differences between Meiosis and Mitosis? | Meiosis occurs in plants, animals, and fungi to create sex cells. It goes through 2 cell division and makes 4 haploid daughter cells that are genetically different. Mitosis occurs in all organisms to create somatic cells. I |
| What are the 5 characteristics of animals? | Heterotrophic, Multicellular, Eukaryotic, Tissues, Embryonic Layers |
| List the 4 phyla of plants and give an example for each. | Nonvascular (moss, liverworts, hornworts), Seedless vascular (ferns, club moss, horntails), Gymnosperms (conifers), and Angiosperms (fruits) |
| Explain the difference between Biotic and Abiotic factors with an example for each. | Biotic factors are the living parts of an ecosystem like plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi. Abiotic factors are nonliving parts of an ecosystem like sunlight, temperature, water, soil, rocks, and pH levels. |
| Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is correct? | They have genes for the same trait as the same loci |
| What organism is considered the common ancestor or "missing link" for all animal species? | Choanoflagellates |
| What enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix during replication? | Helicase |
| What is the difference between allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation? | Allopatric speciation is based on population that are divided, while sympatric speciation involves species within the same area |
| What is a phylogenetic tree? | A phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram that shows phylogeny, the evolutionary history of a species/group of species |
| Explain what prezygotic and post zygotic barriers are | Prezygotic barrier prevents/blocks mating and reproduction. Postzygotic barrier blocks reproduction AFTER fertilization, causing hybrid to be weak or result in death |
| What are some similarities between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells | 1. Plasma membrane, 2. Cytosol : semifluid substance, 3. Chromosomes (Carry genes), 4. Ribosomes (make proteins) |
| What are the 3 major clades of bilaterian animals | 1. Deuterostomia, 2. Lophotrochozoa, 3. Ecdysozoa |
| What are monocots? | angiosperms that have only one cotyledons (seed leaves) |
| What is Mendelian inheritance? | describes how traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (genes/alleles) following predictable patterns |
| What are the levels of ecology? | Organismal, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Landscape, Global |
| what is homology? | homology is characteristics with underlying similarities and shared ancestry despite different functions |
| True or false, polyploidy is when a cell, individual, or species has an extra set of chromosomes. | True |
| ingroup | the group of interest |
| what are the 3 stages of the calvin cycle? | Carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration |
| which option lists the correct order of the four stages of complete metamorphosis? | egg, larva , pupa , adult |
| What is r vs k selected? | r selected: produces few offspring, but has extensive parental care (humans) k selected: produces lots of offspring, lacks extensive parental care (seaturtles) |
| What is the difference between transcription and translation? | Transcription: synthesis of RNA using information from DNA, produces mRNA Translation: synthesis of a polypeptide using information from the mRNA |
| What makes photorespiration, photosynthesis, and respiration different from each other? | Photorespiration: The process in which the stomata close and conserve water, releasing CO2. Photosynthesis: Takes light and converts in the energy. Respiration: The process of breathing is 02 and releasing CO2 |
| Explain three major mechanisms by which sexual reproduction increases genetic variation in offspring. In your answer, describe how it contributes to variation among individuals. | 1. Crossing over (creates a new combination of alleles, increasing genetic variation) 2. Random fertilization (sperm and egg make a zygote) 3. Independent assortment of chromosomes (This is when chromosomes are separated, increasing genetic variation) |
| What is denaturation, and what can cause it? | Denaturation is when a protein loses its native structure and becomes biologically inactive. Changes in pH, temperature, etc., cause it. |
| What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? Give an example. | A Primary succession occurs in an area with no soil or prior life, like bare rock after a glacier. Secondary succession occurs where a community was disrupted, but soil remains, like a forest recovering after a wildfire. |
| What is the difference between a silent mutation and a nonsense mutation? | A silent mutation is a nucleotide substitution that does not affect the amino acid produced, due to the redundancy in the genetic code. A nonsense mutation changes an amino acid codon into a stop codon, thereby cutting the protein short |
| What is the difference between ectothermic and endothermic animals? Give an example of each. | Ectotherms absorb external heat as their main source of body heat (ex. any reptile), while endotherms regulate their own body temperature through metabolic activity (ex. birds and mammals) |
| What does a node (branch point) on a phylogenetic tree represent? | The point where two species diverge from a common ancestor |
| What is the key distinction between allopatric and sympatric speciation? | Allopatric speciation occurs due to geographic separation, while sympatric speciation occurs within the same area |
| What describes genetic drift? | Random fluctatiations in allele frequency that especially affect small populations |
| What are ozazaki fragments? | They are short, discontinuous segments of DNA that is synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication. |
| Explain the central dogma of biology | DNA transcribes into RNA which translates into protein. The central dogma of biology states that genetic information flows unidirectionally from DNA to RNA to protein, which controls how genes are expressed into functional molecules. |
| List and describe the five characteristics that define the animal kingdom. | Heterotrophic (can’t produce its own food), Multicellular (multiple cells), Eukaryotes (organisms made up of eukaryotic cells), Tissues (groups that create a functional unit), and Embryonic layers (two germ layers). |
| Is evolution goal-oriented? Use natural selection to justify your answer. | Evolution is not goal-oriented. Instead, it is influenced by genetic mutations and the process of natural selection, which favors traits that were beneficial in earlier conditions. |
| What are the three main conditions for natural selection and can you point out one shortcoming of this process? | The three prerequisites are: First, a population must have diverse individuals. Secondly, traits must be able to be passed down to offspring. Thirdly, not all individuals will have an equal chance to survival and reproduction. |
| What is the difference between taxonomy and systematics? | Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms into groups, while systematics organizes those groups based on their evolutionary relationships. |
| Define a cline and give an example of what it might look like. | A cline is a gradual change in a trait or genetic characteristics across a geographic area. An example is an animal may have larger body sizes in colder northern regions and smaller body sizes in warmer southern regions. |
| What are the main alterations of Chromosome Structure? | Deletion (removes a fragment), Duplication (repeats segment), Inversion (reverses orientation of a segment), Translocation (moves segment from one chromosome to another) |
| Describe the 3 main characteristics of populations. | Density: species in a given area, Dispersion: how organisms move around in an area, Demographic: rates of change of organisms in an area |
| primary structure of protein | The primary structure is the unique sequence of amino acids in a protein. |
| secondary structure of protein | The secondary structure consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain |
| tertiary structure of protein | The tertiary structure is formed by interactions among the side chains (R groups) of the amino acids. |
| quartenary structure of protein | The quaternary structure occurs when a protein is made of multiple polypeptide chains working together. |
| What are Plasmogamy and Karyogamy, and how do they differ? | Plasmogamy is the fusion of the cytoplasm meanwhile Karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei. |
| prezygotic barriers | prezygotic barriers: block fertilization form occurring, have physical barriers, mating times, courtship behaviors, reproductive structures |
| Postzygotic barriers | postzygotic barriers: stop successful reproduction after zygote is formed, have infertile offspring, reduced survival, a different chromosome number, |
| What is nondisjunction? | when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis |
| macroevolution | broad pattern of evolution above the species level, long period |
| microevolution | pattern within a species, short period |
| what is a clade | a group of animals including an ancestral species and all of its descendants |
| What are the 8 major invertebrates phyla? | -Porifera (sponges) -Cnidaria (jellyfish) -Lophotrochozoa (clade) -Platyhelminthes (flatworms) -Annelida (segmented worms) -Mollusca (Snails) -Nematoda (roundworms) -Arthropoda (insects) -Echinodermata (starfish) |
| What are carbohydrates? | functions as quick energy and structural support. An example of a monomer would be monosaccharides (simple sugars like glucose), a polymer would be polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, and cellulose). |
| what are lipids? | Long-term energy storage and cell membranes. Monomer (not true polymers, but made of fatty acids + glycerol), Polymer (Triglycerides, phospholipids). The structure is long hydrocarbon chains, can be saturated or unsaturated. (Fats and oil) |
| what are proteins? | Catalyze reactions, structure, transport, and signaling. Monomer (amino acids) and Polymer (polypeptides). The structure is complex 3D shapes formed by folding chains of amino acids. (Hemoglobin) |
| what are nucleic acids? | store and transmit genetic information. Monomer (nucleotides), polymer (DNA and RNA). Structure DNA is a double helix, RNA is a single-strand. (DNA) |
| Type 1 Curve | high and more mortality occurs along older individuals, such as humans |
| Type 2 Curve | die at equal rates throughout life, such as birds |
| Type 3 Curve | die at high rates, lower rates later in life, such as sea turtles |
| A control mechanism that “damps” or lessens a stimulus to return to the set point that plays a major role in homeostasis in animals is known as what? | negative feedback |
| Explain how endosymbiosis contributed to the evolution of eukaryotic cells. | Endosymbiosis proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated when ancestral prokaryotes were engulfed by a host cell and became permanent symbionts. Evidence includes their double membranes, circular DNA, and ribosomes like bacteria. |
| Define haploid and diploid. | Haploid cells (n) are gemete cells that have one set of chromosomes. These are cells like the sperm and ovum. Diploid cells (2n) have both chromosomes and are somatic cells like red blood cells. |
| all cells have? | cytosol, plasma membrane, genetic material/DNA, ribosomes |
| What are the 4 main types of tissues? | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| What is a hybrid zone? | A region where memebers of different species meet and mate, producing at least some hybrid offspring |
| What is the difference between monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic? | Monophyletic- includes common ancestor and all of its descendants. Paraphyletic- includes common ancestor and some of its descendants. Polyphyletic- includes taxa from different ancestors |
| How did oxygen accumulate in Earth's atmosphere? | Prokaryote cells performed photosynthesis, the oxygen combined with minerals in the water, created carbonates (CO3) and then the ocean became saturated and oxygen was released into the air |
| We discussed sporophytes and gametophytes in each group we covered (bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms). How did the sporophytes and gametophytes differ (size/anatomy/role) between these groups? | In bryophytes, the gametophytes were dominant and the sporphyes were small, then in seedless vascular plants, the sporophytes started to gain some dominance and gametophyes became a little smaller, then in gymnosperms and angiosperms, the sporophytes bec |
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