A recent poll in California found most respondents to believe that they had ample opportunity to express their opinions to government officials but were ______.

skeptical that their opinions mattered

Lobbying is best defined as ______.

creatively influencing government toward special interests

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Question	Answer
_____ governments are responsible primarily for law enforcement and fire protection.	Local
______ voter turnout in the United States is lagging behind population growth.	Latino
A recent poll in California found most respondents to believe that they had ample opportunity to express their opinions to government officials but were ______.	skeptical that their opinions mattered
According to a 2020 Gallup pool, the majority of Americans identified themselves as ____.	independents
Election laws are set and controlled by____.	States
In ____ states, there are more daily newspapers paying attention to police and educational matters than in individualistic states.	moralistic
In nearly every state, the ___ has the practical duty of running elections.	Secretary of State
Legislative districts are often shaped according to ____.	The annual census
People are more likely to vote if they are ____.	White
The Electoral College gives a minimum of ____ votes to each state, regardless of population.	three
Washington and California use a similar primary system in which the top ____ finishers proceed to the general election, regardless of party.	two
When citizens or groups other than elected officials put a measure on the ballot to become a law, this is called a(n) _____.	popular initiative
When citizens put a measure on the ballot to affirm or reject an action of the legislature or another policitcal actor, this is called a(n) ____.	popular referendum
Which amendment was meant to end discrimination agains black men seeking to vote?	15th amendment
Which ballot arranges the candidates for each offie in columns according to their party designation?	Party column ballot
Which ballot led the states to print their own ballots and, therefore, to determine which parties should appear on ballots?	Australian ballot
Which ballot lists candidates' names, followed by their party designations, under the title of the office they are seeking?	office group ballot
Which officials count the ballots and report the results to the appropriate individual following an election?	county
Women received the right to vote with the ratification of the ______.	19th amendment
A legislator's major fear is of being punished politically.	True
Allowing people to register online, rather than using paper forms, is on idea that has bipartisan support.	True
People feel well connected to government.	False
Southern states and the less populous heavily rural states of the Mountain Wast and the Great Plains, such as Idaho, Wyoming, and the Dakotas, also strongly favor the GOP.	True
The Australian ballot lists candidates' names, followed by their party designation under the title of the office they are seeking.	False
The styles of the ballots used are the same in every state.	False
______ campaigns occur when dark money groups and Super PACs run their own advertisements separately from a candidate’s campaign.	Independent expenditure
______ have made it easier for factions within a party to organize and spread their messages.	Super PACs
______ voting is when a member of one party votes in another party’s primary.	Crossover
Government ______, also known as legislative liaisons, are those who represent the interests of one branch or level of government to another.	staffers
In a ______ election, voters select the candidates who will represent the parties in general elections.	primary
In a runoff primary, the top ______ finishers proceed to the general election, regardless of party.	two
In a(n) ______ primary system independents--and in some cases members of both parties--can vote in the primary of any party they choose.	open
Lobbying is best defined as ______.	creatively influencing government toward special interests
More Americans now identify themselves as ______ than at any time since the 1930s.	independents
Party loyalties are strongly divided in the current era of ______.	polarization
Republicans are dominant in the ______.	South and the Plains states
The lawyers or former government staffers or elected officials who are valued for possessing insider knowledge and contacts within particular state capitals are known as ______.	contract lobbyists
The Republican Party was formed in 1854 in opposition to ______.	slavery
The use of ______ ballots was the result of reforms passed in reaction to political machines.	secret
Unlimited funds donated to parties by wealthy individuals, corporations, and unions are known as ______.	soft money
When a primary requires that only registered members of a particular party vote, it is called a(n) ______ primary.	closed
Which of the following gain support from corporate and small-business owners?
Which party evolved from factional splits in the earliest days of the American republic?	Democratic Party
Which party is also known as the Grand Old Party (GOP)?	Republican party
Every election cycle seems to find more people satisfied with the major parties and less willing to identify themselves as independent.	False
It’s now rare to find a U.S. senator from a state that did not support their party for president.	True
Political parties are not as dominant in American life as they once were.	True
______ is the most populous state in the United States.	California
______ political cultures view politics the same as any other business.	Individualistic
______ states have political parties that compete like corporations to provide goods and services to their citizens.	Individualistic
General attitudes and beliefs about government are involved in a state’s ______.	political culture
Governments at each level have basic similarities that make ______ meaningful.	comparisons
In traditionalistic states, politics is the province for ______.	elites
Regional economic differences influence tax burdens, the level of public services, and ______.	policy priorities
Sociodemographics refers to the way that states differ with regard to ______.	size age and ethnicity
Some state governments have ______ for public higher education institutions, which can require students to take particular classes.	curriculum mandates
Texas spends comparatively less time and energy preparing for ______ than does California.	earthquakes
The political culture associated with the Deep South is ______.	traditionalistic
The primary purpose of state and local government is to provide services to ______.	their respective populations
The vast majority of college students in the United States attend ____ institutions of higher education.	public
Traditionalistic states tend to be ______.	rural
Variance is another word for ____.	difference
When state subsidies fall, ______ inevitably end up paying more in tuition.	college students
Which governments are heavily involved in shaping K–12 education?	local and state
Daniel Elazar divided states into four types of political culture: traditional, moral, individual, and idealistic.	false
Even though state funding for higher education might change over time, it rarely affects the amount that students attending public universities pay in tuition.	false
For state and local governments, money is the largest reason why independent policy action is not taken.	true
Individualistic states tend to view the role of government as one where they are trying to build the best possible society.	false
More teachers work for public schools than individuals work for the entire federal government.	true
Public opinion polls often show that citizens place more trust in the federal government than in their state and local governments.	false
State and local governments are responsible for the water and sewer systems.	true
State governments can determine what classes a student pays for, whether they want to take those classes or not.	true
The comparative method uses similarities and differences as the basis for explaining why the world is the way it is.	true
The metaphor that states are laboratories of democracy refers to the ability of states to experiment with policy.	True
______ powers are grants of authority explicitly given by the Constitution.	enumerated
______ powers are those granted to the national government but not denied to the states.	implied
______ Rebellion involved farmers protesting state efforts to take their property as payment for taxes and other debts.	Shays's
According to the text, the Supreme Court, like the president, finds it hard to resist ______.	New federalism
After the Tenth Amendment, the ______ is the most important in terms of specifying state powers.	14th amendment
Alexander Hamilton invoked the ______ Clause in order to create a national bank.	necessary and proper
As a condition of receiving federal highway funds, the federal government requires states to set twenty one as the minimum legal age for drinking alcohol. This illustrates ______.	crosscutting requirements
Because the Constitution could not list every possible situation the government may face, it provides for ______ powers.	implied
Centralized federalism is sometimes called ______ federalism.	layer cake
Federalism allows ______ to be reflected in state and local government policy.	local differences
Grants of authority that belong solely to the national government are called _______ powers.	exclusive
Grants-in-aid are ______ given by the federal government to the states.	conditional funding
In representative government, citizens exercise power ______.	indirectly
One of the advantages of federalism identified in the text is that it ______ between state and federal governments.	reduces conflict
Sovereign immunity is the right of a government to not be ______ without its consent.	sued
Strings that apply to all federal grants are called ______.	crosscutting requirements
The ______ clause prohibits states from discriminating against citizens from other states.	privileges and immunities
The ______ were in favor of a stronger central government.	federalists
The constitutional amendment that addresses the power of states is the ______ Amendment.	10th
The federal government policy known as ______ has also been called “the gorilla that swallows state laws.”	preemption
The first ten amendments to the Constitution are collectively known as the ______.	Bill of Rights
The idea that state and federal governments have separate and distinct responsibilities is referred to as ______ federalism.	dual
The national government under the Articles of Confederation could best be described as ______.	weak
The political system in which national and regional governments share powers and are considered independent equals is called ______.	federalism
The weakness of the U.S. federal government became evident when it was unable to deal with a(n) ______ after 1783.	economic recession
Which document states that the Constitution is the “Supreme Law of the Land?"	the Supremacy Clause
Which of the following was identified as a disadvantage of the federal system?	inequality in services and policies
Within their own borders, states are very much like ______ systems.	unitary
Exclusive powers are those only granted to states.	false
General revenue sharing grants give states much discretion as to how to spend the money.	True
States’ rights advocates believe that states should be free to make their own decisions.	True
The Constitution contains very little about the powers of the states.	True
The federal system of government in the United States was designed at the Constitutional Convention.	True
The Fourteenth Amendment requires states to provide due process to all citizens.	True
The president ultimately decides the powers and limitations of the different levels of government.	False
The Southern states formed a confederacy during the Civil War.	True
______ describes purposes and processes for achieving objectives.	Constitutions
______ is the power of courts to assess the actions of the legislative and executive branches of government and invalidate them if they are not in compliance with constitution.	Judicial Review
A ______ is typically a panel of citizens appointed by the state governor to suggest but not mandate changes to the state constitution.	Constitutional revision commission
A ______ offers citizens a way to amend the constitution or enact new legislation without working through the legislature.	referendum
According to the courts, the only sovereign entities with the right to determine how their authority should be exercised are ______.	the federal government and the states
Changes made to a constitution are referred to as constitutional ______.	amendments
During the ______ period, the Union army forced most of the former Confederate states to replace their constitutions.	Reconstruction
In ______ states, legislatures tend to meet frequently.	individualistic
In California, Proposition ______ rolled back real estate taxes to 1975 levels, making it difficult for localities to raise money.	13
In Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), the U.S. Supreme Court defined a limited right to ______.	privacy
In the first generation of state constitutions, Georgia, Pennsylvania, and Vermont opted for a ______ legislature which was the exception to the trend among most states at the time.	unicameral
In the system of ______, the federal and state governments are cosovereign powers.	dual constitutionalism
John Adams believed that effective government required a ______ executive.	strong
Laws that allow transfer of money to the executive branch are called ______.	appropriation bills
Most attempts to change state constitutions begin with ______.	legislative proposals
Municipal charters are grants of authority derived from ______.	constitutions or state laws
Plenary power is vested in ______.	state legislatures
Proposition 13 in California dealt with restrictions on raising ______.	property taxes
Representative democracy was enshrined in the U.S. Constitution because the founders were suspicious of ______.	direct democracy
Some states have ______, which allows municipalities the right to draft and amend their own charters, among other things.	home rule
State constitutions tend to be ______ than the U.S. Constitution.	much longer
The documents giving individuals or corporations the right to establish “plantations” over certain areas and govern colonial inhabitants were called ______.	charters
The first step in amending or replacing a constitution involves proposing a change that ______.	meets the threshold of support
The most common route of informal constitutional change is via ______.	state supreme courts
The term franchise refers to the right to ______.	vote
The three primary branches of government established by state constitutions are judicial, legislative, and ______.	executive
Two of the major ways that state constitutions differ from one another are length and ______.	ease of amendment
Vermont, Iowa, and Massachusetts all had state supreme courts which ruled that their state constitutions provided ______.	equal marriage rights to same-sex couples
Which state laws harshly limited African Americans’ ability to vote and to participate in all aspects of society? a. Reconstruction Codes b. Jim Crow Laws c. Fugitive Slave Laws d. Democratic Ordinances	Jim crow laws
Which U.S. Constitutional amendment gives state governments plenary power? a. Sixth Amendment b. Fourth Amendment c. Tenth Amendment d. Fourteenth Amendment	10th
Ballot measures typically combine the proposal and ratification stages of the amendment process. Select one: True False	false
Judicial review refers to the power of courts to review the actions of the legislative and executive branches of government and invalidate them if they are not in compliance with the constitution. Select one: True False	false
Natural (or higher) law is a philosophy that certain rights are political creations rather than divine endowments. Select one: True False	false
School districts are considered subordinate arms of the federal government. Select one: True False	false
State constitutions can change when other branches of government successfully lay claim to broader powers. Select one: True False	true
State constitutions have longer histories than the U.S. Constitution. Select one: True False	true
The Electoral College system can result in a candidate winning the presidency after losing the popular vote. Select one: True False	true
The first generation of state constitutions created powerful unicameral legislatures. Select one: True False	false
The model constitution is a kind of ideal notion of a constitution that states interested in “improving” could adopt. Select one: True False	true
The U.S. Constitution is one of the longest and most thorough constitutions in the nation. Select one: True False	false
The Majority of legislators are known as ____ members.	Rank and File
Legislators have done a great job of selling the idea that what they do is important and necessary in a democracy	false
Legislatures tend to be _____ institutions.	reactive
According to eighteenth century political philosopher and statesman Edmund Burke, legislators who vote according to the wishes of their districts are known as ______.	delegates
Attaching unwanted amendments, or riders, can derail legislation.	true
Since the 1980s, the number of reporters covering statehouses has ______.	dropped dramatically
Women legislators do tend to bring up issues and concerns that would not be raised by an all-male legislature.	true
A ______ refers to an unwanted amendment.	rider
Interpreting the constitution is the primary responsibility of legislatures.	false
______ is another word for constituent service.	casework
To some extent, all legislatures have become more professional.	true
A(n) ______ is a kind of endless debate sometimes used in the U.S. Senate.	filibuster
Political district boundaries that link disparate communities or have odd shapes that resemble earmuffs or moose antlers are known as ______.	gerrymanders
Every legislator can be a leader.	false
Nebraska is the only state with a unicameral legislature.	true
The group of members belonging to the majority party is called a ______.	caucus
Most states’ legislatures are divided into two houses. This is known as ______.	bicameralism
Citizens view legislators with large staffs and good salaries as a good way to maintain the professionalization of the legislature.	false
The most prestigious committees are the ______ committees.	budget
Legislators who introduce bills that would serve their industries or themselves is known as ______.	self-dealing
The statewide office that has undergone the greatest transformation in recent years is that of ______.	attorney general
Governors are not just the most famous politicians in their states but also the most powerful.	true
In nearly every state, the responsibility for creating a state budget rests in the office of the ______.	governor
Governors are frequently booted out of office prematurely.	false
: Which office has traditionally been seen as something of a joke?	lieutenant governor
State constitutions grant governors ______.	formal powers
Most legislatures meet only part-time and generally have limited session schedules.	true
______ are the top election officers.	Secretaries of state
The dominant concern in most gubernatorial contests is ______.	the states economy
States vary widely in terms of which other offices are held by elected officials.	true
The majority of governors are elected ______.	in even-numbered off years
Which of the following was identified as a more common threat to gubernatorial staying power?	term limits
Most governors are able to ______.	veto legislation
The ______ power means that a governor can select people to run state agencies.	appointment
The most powerful tool governors have may be their ability to ______.	shape their state's budgets
A ______ is often a vote of two-thirds.	supermajority
State legislatures ______ override gubernatorial vetoes.	infrequently
A(n) ______ is a rejection of a bill.	veto
The power to shape the state budget may be a governor’s most powerful formal tool.	true
It is rare for attorneys general to sue the federal government.	false
Andrew Jackson believed in the ______ system, that is, the right of an electoral winner to control who worked for the government.	spoils
Division of labor is when labor is divided according to ______.	task and function
The idea that public agencies should be the impartial implementers of democratic decisions, not partisan extensions of whoever happened to win the election is referred to as ______.	neutral competence
The intent of the spoils system was to ______ government and make it more accountable.	democratize
Compared with private-sector employees, public-sector employees tend to have ______.	higher levels of education
_____ refers to the set of policies used to get government to make a special effort to recruit and retain certain categories of workers who historically have been underrepresented, to achieve better and fairer representation.	Affirmative action
The Pendleton Act established ______ requirements for federal jobs	examination
As a group, public unions tend to offer more political support to sympathetic ______.	democrats
State and local governments have very little bureaucracy.	false
A state’s administrative code has the force of law.	true
: Lower-level public employees who actually take the actions that represent government law or policy are known as ______.	street-level bureaucrats
After the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of1883, workers could no longer be coerced into ______.	political activities
Once a rule is approved, it typically becomes part of the state’s ______.	administrative code
Rulemaking is the process by which laws or mandates approved by legislatures are turned into detailed written instructions on what public agencies will or will not do	true
Political or party machines were organizations headed by party ______ or party bosses.	committees
The process in which representatives of labor and management meet to negotiate pay and benefits, job responsibilities, and working conditions is known as ______.	collective bargaining
Patronage is the process of giving government jobs to ______.	partisan loyalists
One of the principles of hierarchy is a clear ______ chain of command	vertical
By 1949, nearly half of states had created what type of civil service systems?	merit based
Collective bargaining is a term used to describe having private or nonprofit organizations rather than government agencies deliver public services.	false
Some states have implemented ______ which seeks to resolve disputes without having to go to trial.	alternate dispute resolution
Crime rates increased during the pandemic.	true
An appeal must be based on a claim that there were legal errors in the trial and that the errors were ______.	prejudicial
Which of the following is the court that hears civil or criminal cases that have not been assigned to a special court?	general jurisdiction court
Most trial court cases go to trial.	false
A ______ provides voters with a simple choice: to keep or not to keep the judge on the bench.	retention election
The tendency of legislatures to make crimes out of everything that people find objectionable is referred to as ______.	legislative overcrimininalization
Under the U.S. Constitution, ______ appoint(s) all federal judges.	the president
Which of the following terms refers to appeals court or supreme court cases in which all the judges hear a case together?	en banc
A ______ is an attorney that is on the public payroll and that represents the accused.	public defender
The amount of discretion given to judges varies from state to state.	true
Relapse into criminal behavior is referred to as ______.	recidivism
Courts that hear any civil or criminal case are known as special jurisdiction trial courts	false
A court that hears cases based on the type of parties involved is known as a ______.	special jurisdiction court
Civil cases involve violations of the law.	false
In the state court system, the ______ court is the highest legal body.	supreme
Merit selection is sometimes referred to as the ______.	Missouri plan
Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution grants the right to a jury trial in state criminal proceedings?	6th
A merit system is a hybrid of appointment and election.	true
The Missouri Plan requires ______.	retention elections
According to eighteenth century political philosopher and statesman Edmund Burke, legislators who vote according to the wishes of their districts are known as ______.	delegates
______ is another word for constituent service.	casework
Legislatures tend to be ______ institutions.	tradition-bound
Citizens view legislators with large staffs and good salaries as a good way to maintain the professionalization of the legislature.	true
Attaching unwanted amendments, or riders, can derail legislation.	true
To some extent, all legislatures have become more professional.	true
Women legislators do tend to bring up issues and concerns that would not be raised by an all-male legislature.	true
Political district boundaries that link disparate communities or have odd shapes that resemble earmuffs or moose antlers are known as ______.	gerrymanders
A(n) ______ is a kind of endless debate sometimes used in the U.S. Senate.	filibuster
The group of members belonging to the majority party is called a ______.	caucus
Interpreting the constitution is the primary responsibility of legislatures.	false
In 2003, Gray Davis of California was the first governor forced to leave office by ______.	recall election
The dominant concern in most gubernatorial contests is ______.	the state's economy
A ______ happens when a governor rejects just a portion of a bill.	lime-line veto
The most powerful tool governors have may be their ability to ______.	shape their state's budgets
A(n) ______ is a formal criminal charge.	indictment
When parties go to trial, they appear before a state court judge in what is often referred to as a court of ______.	first instance
Most civil cases provide for verdicts base on a supermajority.	false
Courts that hear any civil or criminal case are known as special jurisdiction trial courts.	false
In noncapital cases, the sentence is almost always issued by the ______.	judge
Lower-level public employees who actually take the actions that represent government law or policy are known as ______.	street level bureaucrats
The ______Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 marked the end of the spoils system.	Pendleton
One of the principles of hierarchy is a clear ______ chain of command	vertical
The state governments began the shift to the merit system before the federal government.	true
In the early days of the United States, there was very little bureaucracy.	true
Compared with private-section employees, public-sector employees often have ______.	a greater commitment toward company mission
Those who gained jobs under the spoils system were often expected to contribute ______ to the party machine.	a percentage of their salaries
______ are often used to determine hiring and promotion opportunities.	civil service exams
______ consists of the public agencies and the public programs and services that these agencies implement and manage.	Bureaucracy
Most performance evaluation measures of public sector bureaucracies have tended to focus on ______.	comprehensive reports
Which of the following organizational characteristics is generally associated with bureaucracies?	hierarchy
By 1949, nearly half of states had created what type of civil service systems?	merit based
A(n) ______ is a political jurisdiction formed by an association of citizens to provide self-governance within a clearly defined geographical area.	municipality
The ______ is probably the most idealized form of government that has ever existed in the United States.	town meeting
Which of the following forms of government is probably the oldest and certainly the most democratic form of government?	town meeting
he elected executive in a municipality is known as a	mayor
At the local level, more than two-thirds of governments are partisan.	false
Jurisdictions that allow candidates to run for office while residing anywhere within the jurisdiction are known as ______ elections.	at-large
______ serve as the local “branch office” of state government.	counties
______ are a type of government created for a single purpose.	special districts
______ governments are historically rural governments that help conduct state government business.	township
The most common form of county government is the ______ system.	county commission
______ are corporations.	cities
______ elections tend to have the lowest voter turnout.	local
Local governments draw their power from the ______.	state governments
: ______ are typically single-purpose governments that are created to provide specific public services rather than a range of services.	special districts
Local governments are evenly spread out demographically.	false
Legally, local governments fall under the purview of the ______’s guarantee of state sovereignty.	10th
______ are financial instruments with which state and local governments promise to pay back borrowed money at a fixed rate of interest on a specified date.	bonds
______ are public grants that can be used to enroll children in any accredited school, including private and parochial schools.	vouchers
______ is the reason education is controlled by states rather than the federal government.	10th amendment
______, which purported to detail the steady erosion in the quality of public schools, was commissioned by President Ronald Reagan.	A nation at risk
A major school reform movement gaining popularity is ______.	vouchers
In 2022, it was generally agreed that COVID’s impact on school performance had been ______.	devastating
Most public schools are run by ______.	local education agencies
Some states elect their chief state school officer, and in others, it is a(n) ______ position.	appointed
The ______ are the main players in determining teacher licensure procedures.	states
The ______ is a test administered by the federal government to volunteer sample districts to students in grades 4, 8, and 12.	national assessment of education progress (NAEP)
The ______ is the percentage of all first-time ninth graders (the “cohort”) within a state in a given year who graduate four years later, with the numbers in the cohort adjusted to reflect students who transferred out or in.	ACGR
The biggest difference between the NEA and the AFT is that the NEA is a professional organization while the AFT is a ______.	labor union
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation played a major role in funding and developing what educational program?	common core
The National PTA is an organization that acts as an umbrella group for ______.	parent teacher associations
The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act significantly ramped up ______ involvement in public schools.	federal
Twenty-seven states earmark ______ funds for education.	lottery
Which of the following alternatives to public schools increased in popularity during the pandemic?	homeschooling
Corporations and small business have been vocal in pushing for school reform.	true
Despite its massive influence over school curriculums and processes, the National Parent Teacher Association is a relatively new organization.	false
School vouchers can be used for religious schools.	true
Some critics argue that standardized tests are biased against certain ethnic or cultural groups.	true
The homeschool movement is gaining popularity in the United States.	true
The United States is one of the few industrialized countries with a national ministry of education.	false
A ______ determines whether there is sufficient evidence for the state to prosecute someone for a crime.	grand jury
A key figure in the transference of the right of retaliation from the wronged party to the state was the ______.	public prosecutor
According to sociologist Bruce Western, for ______ men without a high school degree, imprisonment is modal in statistical terms.	black
By one estimate, a quarter of the world’s incarcerated people are housed in ______.	the United States
California took action to reduce its prison population only after being ordered to do so by ______.	the U.S Supreme court
Governments have had to fight to establish that they had the ______ right to punish wrongdoers.	exclusive
James Q. Wilson and George Kelling developed the ______ policing model in the early 1980s.	broken-windows
No current government agency keeps track of the number of ______.	police killings
Our most important inheritance from the common-law tradition is the institution of the ______.	jury
Psychologists argue that solitary confinement can cause or exacerbate ______.	mental illness
The extreme form of “broken-windows” policing which enforces every law is known as ______.	zero tolerance
The heart of America’s criminal justice system is the ______ system.	jury
The leading cause of death for Black males ages 17–34 in the United States is ______.	homicide
The most striking aspect of the U.S. system is ______.	how many people we incarcerate
The U.S. justice system is rooted in ______ common law.	english
The use of ______ have assisted in a national awareness about citizen’s encounters with police.	cell phone cameras
the war on illegal drugs was declared by President ______.	Nixon
Unless they commit or fall victim to a crime, U.S. citizens’ main interaction with the criminal justice system will most likely be by ______.	serving on a jury
Which drug was first introduced in the 1980s?	crack cocaine
Which of the following prohibits cruel and unusual punishment in the United States?	the U.S. Constitution
Which state had success in reducing its prison population, reducing recidivism, and introducing mental health reforms for convicted people?	texas
On average, Black men receive sentences that are 20 percent longer than the sentences Whites and Latinos receive for similar offenses	true
Police chiefs generally object to assistance from professionals in other fields.	false
The public defender is the oldest law enforcement office within the common law system.	false
The United States both incarcerates and executes more people than any other nation.	false
The United States has both statutes and a body of law.	ttrue
The vast majority of incarcerated individuals will be released from prison before their natural lives are over.	true
A 2016 study by the Trust for America’s Health found that public health spending remained ______ than it had prior to the recession of ______.	lower; 2007-2009
As part of its 2012 ruling, the Supreme Court placed the decision of whether to expand Medicaid in the ______ hands.	states
Congress passed which major health-care law in 2010?	Affordable Care Act
During the coronavirus pandemic, states assumed that they would be able to receive ______ from the federal government’s Strategic Medical Stockpile.	medical supplies
Former Wisconsin Governor Tommy Thompson innovated welfare in his state by providing resources for welfare recipients but requiring them ______.	to work
From the early to mid-1800s, many of the privately organized charitable hospitals were run by ______ groups.	religious
In 1997, Congress, at the behest of President Clinton, created the ______ to provide health insurance for children in low-income families without insurance.	Children's Health Insurance Program
In the United States, the rate of obesity is doing which of the following?	it is increasing
Many rural hospitals have faced financial uncertainty or have closed in states that ______.	have not expanded Medicaid coverage
Research shows that expanding Medicaid results in ______.	lower death rates
State governments define public health on the basis of their ______.	political culture
States are required to provide coverage to certain populations, including children in families with income below the ______.	poverty line
TANF stands for ______.	Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
The ______ pandemic has been the greatest public health emergency since the Spanish flu epidemic of 1918.	coronavirus
The federal health insurance program for the elderly is called ______.	Medicare
Which federal agency, established in 1946, would typically lead a federal response to a public health emergency?	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Which two programs emerged from the Social Security Act of 1935?	unemployment compensation and retirement benefits
County and city governments do not have to spend any significant amounts on health-care costs.	false
Medicaid provides long-term care to the elderly and other services to people with disabilities.	true
Public health concerns itself with the health and well-being of a community, while health care is about treating individual patients.	true
Wisconsin Governor Tommy Thompson’s approach to welfare slashed funding for childcare and transportation.	false

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