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What are the three animal phyla emphasized in the manual? Porifera, Cnidaria, and Platyhelminthes.
What is a key trait of Porifera? They lack true tissues and organs, and they have an asymmetrical body plan.
What is a key trait of Cnidaria? They have radial symmetry, true tissues, and a nerve net.
What is a key trait of Platyhelminthes? They have bilateral symmetry, triploblastic tissues, and more complex organ systems.
What special cells do cnidarians use to capture prey? Cnidocytes, which contain nematocysts.
What are the three muscle types? Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
Which muscle type is striated, voluntary, and attached to bones? Skeletal muscle.
Which muscle type is involuntary, branched, and found in the heart? Cardiac muscle.
Which muscle type is involuntary and found in organs like the intestines? Smooth muscle.
What part of a long bone is the shaft? The diaphysis.
What part of a long bone is the end region? The epiphysis.
What is the periosteum? The outer covering of the diaphysis.
What is the medullary cavity? The cavity in the diaphysis that contains bone marrow.
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
What structures are in the central nervous system? The brain and spinal cord.
What structures are in the peripheral nervous system? Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.
What does a sensory neuron do? Carries information from receptors to the CNS.
What does a motor neuron do? Carries commands from the CNS to muscles or glands.
What does an interneuron do? Processes information in the CNS and connects sensory and motor pathways.
What is a reflex arc? The neural pathway followed during a reflex response.
In order, what is the reflex circuit pathway? Sensory receptor → sensory neuron → interneuron in spinal cord → motor neuron → effector organ.
What is the organ of vision? The eye.
In order, what is the path of light through the eye? Cornea → pupil → lens → vitreous humor → retina → optic nerve.
What is the retina? The layer that contains rods and cones, the photoreceptors.
Why is there a blind spot in the eye? Because the optic nerve exits the eye at a spot with no photoreceptors.
What are the four chambers of the heart? Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.
What are the two major circuits of blood flow? Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit.
What does the pulmonary circuit do? Sends blood from the heart to the lungs and back.
What does the systemic circuit do? Sends blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back.
What is the function of valves in the heart? They prevent backflow and keep blood moving in one direction.
What is the difference between arteries and veins? Arteries have thicker muscular walls; veins have thinner walls and valves.
What is the function of capillaries? Exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes.
What is the main function of the respiratory system? To bring in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
What is the path of air through the respiratory system? Nostrils/mouth → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.
Where does gas exchange occur? In the alveoli.
What happens during inhalation? The diaphragm and external intercostals contract, increasing thoracic volume.
What happens during exhalation? The diaphragm relaxes and thoracic volume decreases.
What are the main organs of the urinary system? Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
What is the function of the kidneys? Filter blood, remove wastes, and regulate fluid balance.
What is the pathway of urine? Kidneys → ureters → urinary bladder → urethra.
Why do heart rate and breathing rate increase during exercise? To deliver more oxygen and remove more carbon dioxide.
Why is the circulatory system important during exercise? It transports oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to support muscle activity.
Why do muscles fatigue during intense exercise? They may not get enough oxygen quickly enough and rely more on anaerobic metabolism.
Created by: lily_scav
 

 



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