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Airway-Breath. Mech.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is oxygenation? | The process of loading oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin molecules in the bloodstream. |
| What is ventilation? | Physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs. |
| What is respiration? | The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and body tissues. This includes internal respiration and external respiration.(pulmonary respiration) |
| What are intrinsic factors affecting pulmonary ventilation? | Infections, allergic reactions, unresponsiveness(tongue obstruction) |
| What are extrinsic factors affecting pulmonary ventilation? | Trauma or foreign body obstruction |
| Signs and symptoms of respiratory distress? | Shortness of breath, tachypnea, tripod position, pursed lip breathing, accessory muscle use, pale/cyanotic, coughing, audible breathing, laboured breathing and shallow breathing |
| How long can you suction an adult, child and infant? | 15 seconds, 10 seconds and 5 seconds. |
| When should you not suction? | When there is a large amount of fluid or solid objects. |
| Can you suction where you can't see in the mouth? | No. |
| What is an airway adjunct? | It is a device to prevent the obstruction of the upper airway by the tongue and allow the passage of air and O2 to the lungs. (Eg. OPA, NPA) |
| Name four causes of airway obstruction. | Tongue, foreign body, aspiration, fractured larynx. |
| When should you do a jaw thrust vs a head tilt/chin lift? | If c-spine/delicate spine is a concern, use a jaw thrust instead to prevent movement of the spine. If down syndrome or rheumatoid arthritis is known, that is also a time where jaw thrust is needed. |
| What is tidal volume? | The amount of air (in ML) that is moved in or out of the lungs during one breath. |
| How to assess tidal volume? | Watch the chest rise and fall, monitor respiratory effort from the patient and any irregularities with chest movement. (Such as being asymmetric or accessory muscle use.) |
| What should you do if you hear snoring sounds from a patient? | This is likely an airway obstruction. Consider inserting OPA/NPA. |
| What should you do first you hear gurgling sounds from a patient? | This is likely some type of fluid in the airway. Think suction. |
| What is the best measure of breathing adequacy? | How much air is being moved in and out of the lungs each minute. |
| What are some internal and external factors that can affect respiration? | External: Low O2 levels, carbon monoxide(+other gases) Internal: pneumonia, COPD, pulmonary edema. |
| What should you do if a patient has patient has a good respiratory rate, but shallow breaths(Reduced tidal volume)? | Help them with assisted ventilations. |
| What is laboured breathing? | A patient who is working hard to breathe. (Accessory muscle use, increased effort.) |
| What are agonal gasps | Occasional gasping breaths which are not adequate for breathing. These breaths occur after the heart has stopped. |
| What does proper airway management involve? | Opening the airway, clearing the airway, assessing breathing and appropriate interventions. |
| What are bronchioles? | Thin, hollow tubes made of smooth muscle. They can dilate and constrict in response to various stimuli |
| Where are the pulmonary capillaries? | They are located around the alveoli sacs. They allow for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to happen. |
| Where are the intercostal muscles? | They are between each rib. |
| What is another term for dyspnea | Shortness of Breath (SOB) |
| Name four examples of irregular breathing patterns | Biot breathing, Cheyene-Stokes, Kussmaul and tachypnea |
| How many lobes do the lungs have? | Five. |
| What does tension pneumothorax do? | Air accumulates into the pleural space causing increased pressure in the chest wall and prevents the lungs from expanding. This impedes blood flow. |
| What is hemothorax? | Accumulation of blood in the pleural space. This causes increased pressure on the lungs which impedes ventilation. |
| When would you remove an impaled object? | If it compromises the airway in the neck. |
| How do you measure an OPA? | From the corner of the mouth to the angle of the jaw. |
| How do you measure an NPA? | From the septum to the earlobe. |
| What is oxygen toxicity? | Damage to cellular tissue due to excessive oxygen levels in the blood to some patients. (Oxygen free radicals.) (Tends to affect those with COPD and bronchopulmonary dysplasia) |
| What is pleural effusion? What can it be caused by? | Collection of fluid between lining of lung and chest wall. Can be caused by infection, CHF and tumours. |
| What is pulmonary embolism? What is it usually caused by? | Clot in the blood vessels around the lungs. Often caused by DVT. |
| What is pulmonary edema? What is it commonly occurred secondary to? | Fluid in the lung tissue and alveoli which washes away surfactant from alveoli and impairs gas exchange. Commonly occurs secondary to heart failure from fluid backing up into pulmonary circulation. |
| What is acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) and atelectasis? | ARDS is damage to the alveoli causing them to become stiff and non-compliant. Atelectasis is the collapse of alveoli and surrounding lung tissue. |
| What is pneumonia? What is it caused by and what are some signs and symptoms? | Swelling of lung tissues and increased mucus production. It is caused by viruses and bacteria. S/S include chest pain worsening on coughing, coarse crackles sound, SOB, Decreased SpO2, fever and several days of weakness. |
| What two conditions encompass COPD? | Chronic bronchitis and emphysema. |
| What is emphysema? | Destruction of the alveolar walls which causes a smaller surface area to volume ratio in alveoli. (Decreased gas exchange and ability to deflate alveoli.) |
| What is chronic bronchitis? | A chronic productive cough caused by excessive mucus production in the bronchial tree. |
| What is asthma? What type of nature does it have? | Inflammation in the bronchioles triggering bronchospasm. The attacks are episodic in nature usually cause by a trigger and returning to a baseline between attacks. |
| What condition causes a barrel chested appearance? What's happening to the person? | Emphysema(COPD). Air is trapped in the thorax. |
Created by:
Levelstorm3950