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PSY 3563 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What percentage of U.S. families with children under 18 are headed by a single parent? | More than one-fourth. |
| What is the most common pathway to single parenting? | Default single parenting due to relationship loss through separation or divorce. |
| What are major financial challenges faced by single-parent households? | 75% are low-income, creating financial strain, educational limitations, and chronic stress. |
| What factor explains more child outcome differences than single-parent status itself? | Poverty |
| What are key strengths of single-parent-by-choice families? | Full parenting control, less conflict, and highly planned children. |
| Approximately how many new stepfamilies form each day in the U.S.? | About 1,300. |
| How do remarried couples typically communicate compared to first marriages? | Less positive and less negative communication, often with more avoidance. |
| What is a major challenge for stepmothers? | Negative stereotypes and pressure to be the primary emotional caregiver. |
| What is “culture shock” in blended families? | Adjusting to new family rules, traditions, and dynamics. |
| What is recommended before stepparents assume discipline roles? | Build a friendship with the child first. |
| What is the best age for adoption disclosure? | Early childhood, with open dialogue from the start. |
| Why is disclosure after age 7 more difficult? | It may cause betrayal, confusion, depression, and identity struggles. |
| What is a protective factor for adopted children’s attachment? | Consistent, secure caregiving. |
| What challenge is common in transracial adoption? | Identity confusion if racial differences are minimized. |
| According to Ilioi et al. (2016), what improves donor-conceived adolescents’ well-being? | Disclosure before age 7. |
| What is culture? | The social context shaping identity, values, and worldviews. |
| What does the ADDRESSING model assess? | Multiple dimensions of cultural identity. |
| How is race different from ethnicity? | Race is socially constructed based on physical traits; ethnicity is shared cultural heritage. |
| How do Western cultures generally define selfhood? | Through autonomy and individuality. |
| Why is dominant culture often “invisible”? | Its norms are treated as universal. |
| What does “racism = prejudice + power” mean? | Racism includes systemic structures enforcing inequality. |
| What is systemic racism? | Institutional systems that perpetuate racial disparities. |
| What is a major strength of African American families? | Strong extended family networks. |
| Why are marriage rates lower among African American families? | Economic marginalization, incarceration, and structural racism. |
| How does religion often support African American families? | Through resilience, trust, and community support. |
| What is biculturalism? | Successfully maintaining one’s heritage while adapting to U.S. culture. |
| What is double-consciousness? | Awareness of both authentic identity and societal stereotypes. |
| What are common immigrant emotional experiences? | Grief, hope, fear, loss, and identity confusion. |
| What are common parent-child conflicts in immigrant families? | Gender norms, autonomy, dating, and acculturation pace. |
| What protects immigrant youth mental health? | Strong family support and cultural identity. |
| How does gender organize family life? | Through division of labor, power, and emotional expectations. |
| What is the “mental load”? | Invisible planning and coordination often carried by women. |
| What is gender socialization? | Social learning of gendered behaviors through family, media, and institutions. |
| According to Hyde (2005), how different are men and women psychologically? | More similar than different. |
| Why do inequalities persist despite egalitarian values? | Subtle, unconscious gender norms. |
| What is a major strength of same-sex couples? | Greater egalitarianism. |
| How do children of same-sex parents compare to those of heterosexual parents? | Comparable developmental outcomes. |
| What is sexual minority stress? | Stress caused by discrimination and marginalized identity. |
| What diagnosis describes distress over gender incongruence? | Gender Dysphoria. |
| What emotions may partners of transgender individuals experience? | Grief, anxiety, confusion, and relief. |
| How is resilience viewed today? | As a dynamic relational process. |
| What are the three major domains of family resilience? | Belief systems, organizational patterns, and communication. |
| Why are supportive relationships central to resilience? | They promote collective coping and adaptation. |
| What role does communication play in resilience? | Reduces uncertainty and fosters problem-solving. |
| What is “making meaning of adversity”? | Viewing hardship as manageable and shared. |
| What is the relationship between psychopathology and relationship distress? | Bidirectional; each worsens the other. |
| Why is depression particularly harmful to relationships? | It increases withdrawal, reassurance seeking, and relapse risk. |
| Why is couple-based therapy often superior for distressed couples? | It addresses both symptoms and relational stressors. |
| What is Behavioral Couple Therapy based on? | Social Exchange Theory. |
| What is the goal of Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT)? | Restore emotional security by addressing attachment needs. |
Created by:
kylongreen