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Bio- Ecology Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prokaryotic Reproduction | Use binary fission leading to formation of extremely large populations |
| Recombination | -Leads to genetic diversity from recombination of DNA form 2 different cells - by transferring advantageous alleles recombination can promote adaptive evolution in prokaryotes |
| obligate aerobs | require O2 |
| obligate anaerobes | poisoned by O2 |
| Facultative anaerobes | can survive with or without O2 |
| Prokaryotes can metabolize nitrogen and ____ | some can convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia (nitrogen fixation) |
| 2 largest groups of prokaryotes | proteobacteria and gram-positive bacteria |
| commensalism | ecological interaction that benefits the individuals of one species but neither harms nor helps the individuals of the other species. |
| mutualism | ecological interaction that benefits individuals of both interacting species. |
| symbiosis | An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact. |
| Pathogenic bacteria | typically cause diseases by releasing exotoxins or endotoxins |
| exotoxin | A toxic protein that is secreted by a prokaryote or other pathogen and that produces specific symptoms, even if the pathogen is no longer present. |
| endotoxin | A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die. |
| A process that cannot produce genetic variation in bacterial populations is | meiosis |
| Photoautotrophs use | light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. |
| Which of the following statements is true? | The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan. |
| Which of the following involves metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic cells? | biofilms |
| Which of the following describes a bacterium that lives in the human intestine and causes disease? | symbiotic pathogen |
| Photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in | cyanobacteria |
| protist | - informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, fungus. -Most unicellular, though some are colonial/ multicellular. -have a nucleus, membrane-enclosed organelles, cytoskeleton |
| Eukarya | Includes many groups of protists along with plants, animals and fungi |
| Origin of Eukaryotes | originated by endosymbiosis when an archaeal host (host related to archaea) engulfed an alpha proteobacterium that would evolve into a mitochondria |
| Endosymbiosis | A relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism. |
| Red Algae | A photosynthetic protist, named for its color, which results from a red pigment that masks the green of chlorophyll. Most red algae are multicellular and marine. - Phycoerythrin |
| Green Algae | -photosynthetic protist, named for green chloroplasts that are similar in structure and pigment composition to chloroplasts of plants. -are a paraphyletic group; some members are more closely related to plants than they are to other green algae. |
| Secondary Endosymbiosis | A process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell, which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell. |
| 4 Supergroups fo Eukaryotes | Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, Unikonta |
| Ecavata | Excavates have unique cytoskeletal features, and some species have an “excavated” feeding groove on one side of the cell body. |
| SAR | This supergroup contains a large, extremely diverse collection of protists from three major subgroups: stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians. |
| Archaeplastida | This monophyletic group, which includes red algae, green algae, and plants, descended from an ancient protistan ancestor that engulfed a cyanobacterium. |
| Unikonta | This clade, which is supported by studies of myosin proteins and DNA, consists of amoebozoans and opisthokonts. |
| Diplomonads and parabasalids | have modified mitochondria |
| Euglenozoans | have spiral or crystalline rod inside the flagella |
| Stramenopiles | Harry and smooth flagella |
| Alveolates | membrane enclosed sacs beneath plasma membrane |
| Rhizarians | amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia |
| Amoebozoans | amoebas with lobe shaped or tube shaped pseudopodia |
| Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of | secondary endosymbiosis. |
| Biologists think that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because | all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids. |
| Which group is correctly paired with its description? | diplomonads—protists with modified mitochondria |
| According to the phylogeny presented in this chapter, which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as plants? | green algae red algae |
| In a life cycle with alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with | multicellular diploid forms. |
| What is the closest living relative of plants and what indicates that? | Morphological and biochemical traits and similarities in nuclear and chloroplast genes indicate that certain charophyte algae are the closest living relatives of plants |
| How did plants become terrestrial? | protective layer of sporopollenin allows charophytes to tolerate occasional drying along edges of ponds and lakes—> algal ancestors to survive in terrestrial conditions opening way to colonizing dry land |
| sporopollenin | A durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out. |
| derived traits that distinguish plants from charophytes include: | - Cuticles - Stomata - Multicellular dependent embryos - Walled spores produced in sporangia - Alternation of generations - Apical meristems |
| Cuticles | Any of a variety of tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, which provide protection. |
| stomata | A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant |
| Plants diverged into | bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms |
| bryophytes | (non vascular plants) - An informal name for a moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that lives on land but lacks some of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants. |
| bryophyte reproduction | -Dominant gen consists of haploid gametophytes -Rhizoids anchor gametophytes to the substrate on which they grow - Flagellated stem produced by antheridia requires a film of water to travel to the eggs in the archegonia -Then diploid stage of life cycl |
| Bryophyte diploid stage | Sporophytes grow out of archegonia and are attached to gametophytes and depend on them for nourishment |
| gametophyte | In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis. The haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophytes. |
| Rhizoid | A long, tubular single cell or filament of cells that anchors bryophytes to the ground. Unlike roots, rhizoids are not composed of tissues, lack specialized conducting cells, and do not play a primary role in water and mineral absorption. |
| antheridia | In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop. |
| archegonia | In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop. |
| What do sporophytes consist of | foot, seta (stalk) and sporangium |
| foot | The portion of a bryophyte sporophyte that gathers sugars, amino acids, water, and minerals from the parent gametophyte via transfer cells. |
| seta | The elongated stalk of a bryophyte sporophyte. |
| sporangium | A multicellular organ in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop |
| seedless vascular plants | lycophytes, monilophytes |
| lycophytes | An informal name for a member of the phylum Lycophyta, which includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts. |
| monilophytes | An informal name for a member of the phylum Monilophyta, which includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives. |
| gymnosperms | A vascular plant that bears naked seeds—seeds not enclosed in protective chambers. |
| angiosperms | A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. |
| sporophyll | A modified leaf that bears sporangia and hence is specialized for reproduction. |
| How growth of seedless vascular plants impacted the environment | may have contributed to a major global cooling that first took place during the Carboniferous pd |
| Three of the following are evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants. Select the exception. | the presence of chloroplasts |
| Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae? | alternation of multicellular generations |
| In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? | haploid spores |
| Microphylls are found in which plant group? | lycophytes |
| Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about “trees” of such a species would be true? | Unless its body parts were strengthened, such a “tree” would probably flop over. |
| Identify each of the following structures as haploid or diploid. 1. sporophyte 2. Spore 3. Gametophyte 4. Zygote | 1. diploid 2. haploid 3. haploid 4. diploid |
| 5 Derived traits of seed plants | reduced gametophytes (microscopic male and female gametophytes are nourished nad protected by the sporophyte) heterospory Ovules pollen seeds |
| Heterospory | microspore gives rise to a male gametophyte megaspore gives rise to a female gametophyte |
| pollen | make water unnecessary for fertilization |
| seeds | survive better than unprotected spores and can be transported long distances |
| Key features in gymnosperm life cycle | dominance of sporophyte generation, development of seeds from fertilized ovules and the role of pollen in transferring sperm to ovules |
| Conifers | A member of the largest gymnosperm phylum. Most conifers are cone-bearing trees, such as pines and firs. |
| flowers consist of 4 types of modified leaves | sepals, petals, stamens, carpel |
| stamen | The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament. |
| Carpel | The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary. |
| ovary | In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. |
| fruit | A mature ovary of a flower. The fruit protects dormant seeds and often functions in their dispersal. |
| basal angiosperm | A member of one of three clades of early-diverging lineages of extant flowering plants. Examples are Amborella, water lilies, and star anise and its relatives. |
| magnolia | A member of the angiosperm clade that is most closely related to the combined eudicot and monocot clades. Extant examples are magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants. |
| monocot | A member of a clade consisting of flowering plants that have one embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon. |
| eudicot | A member of a clade that contains the vast majority of flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons. |
| Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium? | within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower |
| Which of the following is a key feature of seed plants facilitating life on land? | pollen |
| In angiosperms, which of the following is correctly paired with its chromosome count? | microspore—n |
| Which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants? | ovules |
| Which of the following are present in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms? | ovaries |
| Sexual lifecycle of fungi | involves cytoplasmic fusion (plasmogamy) and nuclear fusion (karyogamy) with intervening heterokaryotic stage in which cells have haploid nuclei from 2 parents |
| plasmogamy | In fungi, the fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction, followed later by karyogamy. |
| Karyogamy | In fungi, the fusion of haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction, preceded by plasmogamy. |
| what do diploid cells resulting from karyogamy produce | spores |
| spores | (1) In the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations, a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis. (2) In fungi, a haploid cell, produced either sexually or asexually, that produces a mycelium after germination. |
| chytrids | have flagellated spores |
| cryptomycota | parasites with flagellated spores |
| microsporidia | parasitic cells that form resistant spores |
| chytridomucota | flagellated spores |
| zoopagomucota | resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage |
| mucuromycota | include fungi that form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants |
| ascomycota | sexual spores borne internally in sacs called sci; cast number son asexual spores produced |
| basiodiomycota | elaborate fruiting body containing many basidia that produce sexual spores |
| All fungi are | heterotrophic |
| Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi | conidiophores |
| The closest relatives of fungi are thought to be the | animals |
| The most important adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is | an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition. |
| Which of the following statements best supports the argument that viruses are nonliving? | they do not carry out metabolic processes |
| Which of the following descriptions correctly identifies a main structural difference between viruses with envelopes and viruses without envelopes | Only viruses with envelopes have their contents enclosed by a layer containing lipids |
| Which of the following characteristics is typical of the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage | The host membrane ruptures releasing many phages |
| A virus consisting of a single strand of RNA, which is reverse transcribed into complementary DNA is referred to as a | retrovirus |
| Which of the following best describes prions | misfolded versions of normal proteins that can cause disease |
| In which part of a bacterium is the complete chromosome found | nucleoid |
| Which of the following statements about flagella provides the best support for the claim that the flagella from eukaryotes and bacteria evolved independently | the protein structure and the mechanism of movement in eukaryotes flagella are different from those of bacteria flagella |
| Which of the following statements is the most likely result of conjugation involving a bacterium that contains a copy of a plasmid counting a gene for tetracycline resistance with one that does not | rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in the populaiton |
| According to the endosymbiotic theory, it was adaptive for the larger host cell to keep the engulfed cell alive rather than digesting it as food because | the engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| The chloroplasts of land plants are though to hav been derived according to which evolutionary sequence | Cyanobacteria --> green algae --> land plants |
| Which of the following characteristics is common among all protists | eukaryotic |
| Which of the following organisms were most likely the direct ancestors of plants | green algae |
| which of the following describes a difference between the structures of spores and seeds | spree are unicellular while seeds are not |
| which of the following statements about stomata is correct | stomata allow gases to diffuse into and out of the plant |
| which taxon includes organisms referred to as embryophytes | plantae |
| Which of the following factors most likely helped early plants colonize land | formation fo mutualistic associations with fungi |
| which of the following is a common feature among liverworts, hornworts, and mosses | they require standing water for reproduction |
| Which of these structures produce spores | Sporophyte (capsule) of a moss |
| which of the following is a similarity between bryophytes and seedless vascular plants | in both groups sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia |
| Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of archegonia | they may contain sporophyte embryos |
| assuming that they all belong to the same plant, which of the following lists the structures from largest to smallest | gametophytes, antheridia, gametes |
| Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to the life cycle of mosses | Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes |
| animals are: | multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers |
| In most animals what leads to the formation of embryonic tissue layers | gastrulation following the formation of the blastula |
| gastrulation | In animal development, a series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo folds inward, producing a three-layered embryo, the gastrula. |
| blastula | A hollow ball of cells that marks the end of the cleavage stage during early embryonic development in animals. |
| Hox genes | regulate the development of body form |
| One key step in animal evolution: | animals involved new ways of using proteins that were encoded by genes found in choanoflagellates |
| Radial symmetry | Symmetry in which the body is shaped like a pie or barrel (lacking a left side and a right side) and can be divided into mirror-imaged halves by any plane through its central axis. |
| Bilateral symmetry | Body symmetry in which a central longitudinal plane divides the body into two equal but opposite halves. |
| Eumetazoan embryos | may be diploblastic (two germ layers) or tripoblastic (three germ layers) |
| Tripoblastic animals with a body cavity may have | a coelom or hemocoel |
| coelom | A body cavity lined by tissue derived only from mesoderm. |
| hemocoel | A body cavity lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and by tissue derived from endoderm. |
| protostome | In animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the mouth from the blastopore; often also characterized by spiral cleavage and by the body cavity forming when solid masses of mesoderm split. |
| Deuterostome | In animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the anus from the blastopore; often also characterized by radial cleavage and by the body cavity forming as outpockets of mesodermal tissue. |
| cleavage | The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells. |
| blastopore | In a gastrula, the opening of the archenteron that typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes. |
| One of the characteristics unique to animals is | gastrulation. |
| The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of | tissues |
| Which of the following was probably an important factor in bringing about the Cambrian explosion? | the emergence of predator-prey relationships |
| Porifera | (sponges) - lack tissues; have choanocytes (collar cells - flagellated cells that ingest bacteria and tiny food particles) |
| Cnidaria | (hydras, jellies, sea anemones, corals) - Unique stinging structures (nematocysts) housed in specialized cells (cnidocytes); dipoblastic; radially symmetrical, gastrovascular cavity (digestive compartment with single opening) |
| Platyhelminthes | (flatworms) - No body cavity; dorsoventrally flattened, gastrovascular cavity or no digestive tract |
| Syndermata | (rotifers and acanthocephalans) - Hemocoel; rotifers= alimentary canal (digestive tube with mouth and anus) and jaws (trophy); acanthocephalans = parasites of vertebrates |
| ectoprocta and brachiopoda | Coelom; have lophophores (feeding structures bearing ciliated tentacles) |
| Mollusca | (clams, snails, squids) - Hemocoel; reduced coelom; 3 main body parts (muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle); most have hard shell made of calcium carbonate |
| Annelida | (segmented worms) - coelom; body wall and internal organs are segmented (except digestive tract, which is unsegmented) |
| Nemotoda | (roundworms) - Hemocoel; cylindrical body with tapered ends; no circulatory system; undergo ecdysis |
| Arthropodia | (spiders, centipedes, crustaceans, insects) Hemocoel; reduced coelom. Have segmented body, jointed appendages, and exoskeleton made of protein and chitin |
| Echinodermata | (sea stars, sea urchins) - Coelom; bilaterally symmetrical larvae and 5 part body organization as adults; unique water vascular system; endoskeleton |
| Chordata | (lancelets, tunicates, vertebrates) - coelom; have notochord; dorsal, hollow nerves cord; pharyngeal slits; post anal tail |
| A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share | a mantle. |
| Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body? | Arthropoda |
| The water vascular system of echinoderms | functions in locomotion and feeding. |
| Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is correct? | Platyhelminthes—flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, no body cavity |
| Virus | small nucleic acid genome enclosed in a protein capsid and sometimes a membranes viral envelope |
| Viruses use ____ to synthesize progeny during replication | enzymes, ribosomes, and small molecules of host cells |
| Phages can replicate by two alternative mechanisms | lytic and lysogenic cycles |
| Lytic cycle | virulent or temperate phase, destruction of host DNA, production of new phages, lysis of host cell —> release of progeny phages |
| Lysogenic cycle | Temperate phage only, genome integrates into bacterial chromosome as prophage which is replaced and passed on to daughter cells and can be induced to leave the chromosome and initiate a lytic cycle |
| Which of the following characteristics, structures, or processes is common to both bacteria and viruses? | genetic material composed of nucleic acid |
| Emerging viruses arise by | mutation of existing viruses. the spread of existing viruses to new host species. the spread of existing viruses more widely within their host species. |
| To cause a human pandemic, the H5N1 avian flu virus would have to | become capable of human-to-human transmission. |
| A bacterium is infected with an experimentally constructed bacteriophage composed of the T2 phage protein coat and T4 phage DNA. The new phages produced would have | T4 protein and T4 DNA. |
| RNA viruses require their own supply of certain enzymes because | host cells lack enzymes that can replicate the viral genome. |
| Chordates | have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord |
| Vertebrates | are chordates that have a backbone |
| Gnathostomes | are vertebrates that have jaws |
| tetrapods | are gnathostomes that have limbs |
| Amniotes | are tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg |
| Mammals | are amniotes that have hair and produce milk |
| Cephalochordata | balsal chordates; marine suspension feeders that exhibit 4 key derived characters of chordates |
| Urochordata | Marine suspension feeders ; larvae display derived traits of chordates |
| Myxini (hagfish) and Petromyzontida (lampreys) | jawless aquatic vertebrates with reduced vertebrae; hagfish have head with skull and brain/eyes |
| Chondrichthyes | (sharks, rays, skates, ratfishes) Aquatic gnathostomes; cartilaginous skeleton, |
| Actinopterygii | (ray finned fish) Aquatic gnathostomes ; bony skeleton and maneuverable fins supported by rays |
| Actinistia | (coelacanths) Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe fins still surviving in Indian Ocean |
| Dipnoi | (lungfish) freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills, sister group of tetrapods |
| Amphibia | (salamanders, frogs, caecilians) have 4 limbs descended form modified fins, most have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many live both in water and on land |
| Reptilia | (tuataras, lizards/snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds) One of 2 groups of living amniotes, amniotic eggs and rib cage ventilation (key adaptations for life on land) |
| Mammalia | (Monotremes, marsupials, eutherians) Evolved from synapsid ancestors; including egg laying monotremes (platypus); pouched marsupials; and eutherians (rodents/primates) placental mammals |
| Hominins | humans and species that are more closely related to humans than chimpanzees orig in Africa about 8milion years ago |
| Homo ergaster | first fully bipedal large brained hominid |
| Homo erects | first to leave Africa |
| Vertebrates and tunicates share | a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord. |
| Living vertebrates can be divided into two major clades. Select the appropriate pair. | the cyclostomes and the gnathostomes |
| Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials | have some embryonic development outside the uterus. |
| Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods? | a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates |
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