Which of the following best describes the social impact of the Black Codes, White primaries, voter suppression, and segregationist ideas that dominated Texas politics between Reconstruction and the civil rights movement?

Black Texans were subjugated to a social status similar to the status they held when slavery existed.

NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston and the world’s largest inland desalination plant at Fort Bliss in El Paso are great examples of which of the following?

Cities gain significant financial and technological advancements from government programs.

Which of the following was the biggest driver of Texas’s population growth between 2010 and 2020?

natural increase, that is, more people being born than dying

The persistent poverty created by the sharecropper and tenant farmer systems had what political impact on Texas?

Poor farmers supported Populist movements that led to stronger popular control of government and industry.

Texas is poorer and less educated overall than the national averages for income and education. Which factor, of several that may exist, is the most important cause of why the state lags behind?

The Texas population is younger on average than the rest of the United States.

Before voters participate in a constitutional amendment election, what step must happen first?

The legislature votes to put the amendment on the ballot.

Which of the following is the correct definition of the term unicameral?

a legislature that has only one body

Which of these was a difference between the Constitution of 1845 and the Constitution of 1861?

The new constitution made it illegal to free enslaved people.

Which of the following is true about the goals of Texas during its time as an independent republic?

Texans wanted to join the United States.

The United States Constitution mandates that every state must have a republican form of government, which Texas abides by. What is the best way to understand the meaning of the word republican in the way it is used here?

Government made up of people elected to make decisions on behalf of the public

Which of the following is the most accurate characterization of the current Texas Constitution?

a long and complex collection of specifically written policy

Legislators in Texas receive small salaries for their service in comparison to lawmakers elsewhere. If a member of the Texas legislature wanted to raise the salaries of members they would need which of the following to happen?

a recommendation from the Texas Ethics Commission (TEC)

What is the most consequential way in which Presidential Reconstruction differed from Congressional Reconstruction?

Presidential Reconstruction disenfranchised only a small portion of former Confederates.

The government of Texas is separated into many parts, including three branches, a plural executive, bicameral legislature, and numerous boards and agencies. This widely decentralized structure has led to which of the following negative impacts on

outsized influence of energized factions of the public and interest groups

Voter participation in statewide constitutional amendment elections is most likely to see big increases under what circumstances?

Divisive social issues are on the ballot.

How do the lieutenant governor, who leads the Texas Senate, and the Speaker of the House, who leads the Texas House of Representatives, receive their positions of leadership?

The lieutenant governor is elected statewide, and the Speaker of the House is chosen by members of the Texas House of Representatives.

Which statement best explains the state constitution’s guarantee of a republican form of government?

People elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

How do the Texas and U.S. Constitutions compare on the issue of impeachment?

It is easier to impeach an individual in Texas than in the national government.

Which of the following characterizes the system of federalism?

Power is divided between the central and regional governments.

The financial strains that were placed on states and people during the Great Depression and Dust Bowl of the 1930s had what effect on the federal-state relationship?

States and the public were willing to accept greater national government involvement in their affairs.

The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program (DACA) accomplishes which of the following?

It protects undocumented individuals who were brought to the United States as minors.

Which factor prompted a shift of national and state governments toward cooperative federalism?

Increasingly complex problems in the 1930s and 1940s prompted multiple levels of government to step in.

In general terms, how did Chief Justice John Marshall treat issues of federalism in his Supreme Court rulings?

He tended to expand the national government's powers relative to the states.

Which of the following best describes the overall historical trend of the United States federal system?

toward a stronger national government

Which phrase best characterizes fractious federalism?

partisan extremism that creates dysfunction between levels of government

When considering recent Supreme Court decisions, like Shelby County v. Holder and Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee, which statement best captures the current Court’s stance on voting laws?

The Supreme Court has shown itself to be largely unwilling to intervene in the creation of state election policies.

In the Shelby County v. Holder case, states fighting the preclearance requirement of the Voting Rights Act made which argument before the Supreme Court?

Voter discrimination was no longer an issue in the states under preclearance.

Which of the following is the most likely reason that college affordability and student loan debt have not been prioritized by lawmakers at a national level?

the majority of young people don't vote

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Texas Gov Final

Question	Answer
Which of the following best describes the social impact of the Black Codes, White primaries, voter suppression, and segregationist ideas that dominated Texas politics between Reconstruction and the civil rights movement?	Black Texans were subjugated to a social status similar to the status they held when slavery existed.
What technological advancement have made the Texas oil and gas industry one of the most valuable in the world?	Fracking
The process of turning over public lands to private entities through sale or lease agreements for cultivation and development is called what?	privatization
NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston and the world’s largest inland desalination plant at Fort Bliss in El Paso are great examples of which of the following?	Cities gain significant financial and technological advancements from government programs.
Which of the following was the biggest driver of Texas’s population growth between 2010 and 2020?	natural increase, that is, more people being born than dying
The persistent poverty created by the sharecropper and tenant farmer systems had what political impact on Texas?	Poor farmers supported Populist movements that led to stronger popular control of government and industry.
Texas is poorer and less educated overall than the national averages for income and education. Which factor, of several that may exist, is the most important cause of why the state lags behind?	The Texas population is younger on average than the rest of the United States.
Before voters participate in a constitutional amendment election, what step must happen first?	The legislature votes to put the amendment on the ballot.
Which of the following is the correct definition of the term unicameral?	a legislature that has only one body
Which of the following is one of the most important themes embedded in the Texas Constitution of 1876?	strong financial controls
Which of these was a difference between the Constitution of 1845 and the Constitution of 1861?	The new constitution made it illegal to free enslaved people.
Which of the following is true about the goals of Texas during its time as an independent republic?	Texans wanted to join the United States.
The United States Constitution mandates that every state must have a republican form of government, which Texas abides by. What is the best way to understand the meaning of the word republican in the way it is used here?	Government made up of people elected to make decisions on behalf of the public
Where does the political authority held by local governments, such as cities and counties, come from?	the state government
Which of the following is the most accurate characterization of the current Texas Constitution?	a long and complex collection of specifically written policy
What is the meaning of the term impeachment?	a charge of wrongdoing
Legislators in Texas receive small salaries for their service in comparison to lawmakers elsewhere. If a member of the Texas legislature wanted to raise the salaries of members they would need which of the following to happen?	a recommendation from the Texas Ethics Commission (TEC)
What is the most consequential way in which Presidential Reconstruction differed from Congressional Reconstruction?	Presidential Reconstruction disenfranchised only a small portion of former Confederates.
If a public official is impeached by the Texas House of Representatives and two-thirds of the Senate votes to convict the official, what is the next step?	They are removed from office.
The government of Texas is separated into many parts, including three branches, a plural executive, bicameral legislature, and numerous boards and agencies. This widely decentralized structure has led to which of the following negative impacts on	outsized influence of energized factions of the public and interest groups
Governors have called for a convention of states to try to revise and amend the U.S. Constitution, and many Texans have called for reforms to the Texas Constitution. What is the most important concern about calling a potential constitutional conventions	no constraints on participants
Voter participation in statewide constitutional amendment elections is most likely to see big increases under what circumstances?	Divisive social issues are on the ballot.
How do the lieutenant governor, who leads the Texas Senate, and the Speaker of the House, who leads the Texas House of Representatives, receive their positions of leadership?	The lieutenant governor is elected statewide, and the Speaker of the House is chosen by members of the Texas House of Representatives.
Greg abbot's proposal in 2016 counters the Supreme Court’s interpretation of which part of the U.S. Constitution that led to an enormous net expansion of power?	necessary and proper clause
Which statement best explains the state constitution’s guarantee of a republican form of government?	People elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.
How do the Texas and U.S. Constitutions compare on the issue of impeachment?	It is easier to impeach an individual in Texas than in the national government.
How many amendments does the current Texas Constitution have?	more than 500
Which of the following characterizes the system of federalism?	Power is divided between the central and regional governments.
The financial strains that were placed on states and people during the Great Depression and Dust Bowl of the 1930s had what effect on the federal-state relationship?	States and the public were willing to accept greater national government involvement in their affairs.
The growth of coercive federalism is most associated with which era in American politics?	cooperative federalism
The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program (DACA) accomplishes which of the following?	It protects undocumented individuals who were brought to the United States as minors.
Which factor prompted a shift of national and state governments toward cooperative federalism?	Increasingly complex problems in the 1930s and 1940s prompted multiple levels of government to step in.
In general terms, how did Chief Justice John Marshall treat issues of federalism in his Supreme Court rulings?	He tended to expand the national government's powers relative to the states.
Which of the following best describes the overall historical trend of the United States federal system?	toward a stronger national government
Federalism shares some traits with which other constitutional principle?	separation of powers
Which phrase best characterizes fractious federalism?	partisan extremism that creates dysfunction between levels of government
When considering recent Supreme Court decisions, like Shelby County v. Holder and Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee, which statement best captures the current Court’s stance on voting laws?	The Supreme Court has shown itself to be largely unwilling to intervene in the creation of state election policies.
When a state prohibits sexually oriented businesses, places time and location restrictions on alcoholic beverages, and sets standards for restaurant cleanliness, they are exercising which of the following?	police power
In the Shelby County v. Holder case, states fighting the preclearance requirement of the Voting Rights Act made which argument before the Supreme Court?	Voter discrimination was no longer an issue in the states under preclearance.
Which of the following tends to be the best indicator that someone is politically active?	age
Which of these corporations is a major owner of major local newspapers in Texas?	Hearst Communication
What extremely negative impact does social media have on meaningful political dialogue?	polarization
Which of these is one of the strongest predictors of whether or not a person is more likely to participate in political activities, such as contacting representatives, donating to campaigns, and voting?	education level
Which of the following is the most likely reason that college affordability and student loan debt have not been prioritized by lawmakers at a national level?	the majority of young people don't vote
Which of these can be a major challenge when public officials try to understand the opinions of their constituents before they make policy decisions?	poorly informed public
Media consolidation has occurred mostly due to a lack of government regulation and increasing competition that has hurt newspaper profitability.	True
Americans are more familiar and engaged with issues of government and politics at a local level than a national level because of the significant daily impacts on their lives.	False
Which of the following is one of the largest owners of local broadcast news media in Texas, with channels in Houston, Amarillo, San Antonio, and other major cities?	Sinclair Media
In recent years, the portion of Texans identifying as Republican versus the portion identifying as Democratic has	shrunk
Someone looking for a resource to get the largest number and widest variety of stories would be most likely be best served by selecting which media format?	local newspapers
Which of the following is a consequence of active responsible journalism by the media?	responsive policymakers
Which of these statements best explains why elected officials pay attention to public opinion?	Many public officials must stand for election at regular intervals.
The income from political advertising on television has decreased in Texas in recent years because of the lower cost of advertising online.	False
Which of these is one of the biggest benefits of public opinion polling?	making sense of feelings and divisions of the public
A statewide election survey that includes 10,000 randomly selected registered voters is not significantly more reliable than if the survey included only 1,000 randomly selected registered voters.	True
What incentive exists for statewide officeholders and candidates—like the governor, lieutenant governor, or U.S. senators—to appear on local news programs?	People are more likely to vote for candidates they encounter on local news stations.
Because of the structure and incentives of media corporations in the United States, the most consequential bias in the news media involves which of the following?	profit
Which of these terms best characterizes the trend in media ownership since the 1980s?	consolidation
Texas shifted from a Democratic-dominated state to a Republican-dominated state as Texas voters adopted a more conservative political ideology	False
What event in the early 2000s led to historic gains for Republicans in the Texas legislature and the Texas congressional delegation?	redistricting for a second time after a census
Many positions of the Texas Republican Party have evolved in the last 10 years, moving away from some traditional policy positions and having them replaced with members who favor the more conservative positions that align with President Trump.	defeating incumbent Republicans in primaries
Why is the characterization of Texas as “deep red” state under unchecked Republican control misleading?	The Republican Party has infighting factions that create challenges.
In 2018, in Harris County alone, the Houston Chronicle documented a total of 76 contested judicial races. More than 20 contested district and county judicial races appeared on the Bexar County ballots. What is the biggest effect?	Voters rely on party labels.
What has caused Texas Republicans to become more deliberate in their efforts to try to connect with Latino voters?	changing voter trends in cities and suburbs
What role do the temporary party organizations have in the functioning of the permanent party organizational structures?	Temporary organizations determine the priorities and personalities of the party's leadership.
With the Republican Party dominating Texas statewide politics for a generation, the biggest divisions often occur internally between which two groups?	social and economic conservatives
In Texas, state party chairs and vice chairs are selected through which process?	election by delegates to the state convention
The major cities of Dallas, San Antonio, Houston, Austin, and El Paso have all emerged as Democratic strongholds in the state of Texas. What other area of the state is also considered a Democratic stronghold?	Rio Grande Valley
In Texas, Black candidates for office have had the most success winning elections for statewide office.	False
Major, large city newspaper endorsements often carry important weight, especially in down ballot races for local offices.	True
What was the basis of the Supreme Court ruling (Smith v. Allwright) that ended the White primary in Texas?	Parties carry out an important state function.
How did the percentage of Black voters in Texas change after the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act?	The number of Black voters nearly doubled.
Prohibited by federal courts in 1971, which voting requirement was most targeted at preventing itinerant workers from voting?	early registration
The term political participation refers only to how many people vote in an election.	False
Because Texas requires voters to declare which party primary they wish to vote in when they arrive at the polling place, the Texas primary system is technically which of the following?	closed primary
What is the primary goal of interest groups when they interact with policy makers?	policies that are beneficial for their groups
Texas is near the top of the nation in measures of social connectedness that lead to civic engagement	False
Which of the following is an example of the concept of the revolving door as it relates to interest groups?	Former Governor Rick Perry left his role as U.S. Secretary of Energy to promote legal gambling for the Sports Betting Alliance in Texas.
The most likely way a new student-led interest group can get effective access to an elected official is to do which of the following options?	gather funds from members to produce a campaign contribution
Which group member has have restrictions on when and how they can work as a lobbyist after leaving government?	a former executive of a state agency
Which of these rights from the First Amendment guarantees the right of individuals to become a part of interest groups?	right to associate with others
Committee chairs will pigeonhole a bill by never putting it on the committee agenda to be considered	True
Which of the following is the power of the executive to veto specific provisions of an appropriations bill passed by the legislature?	line-item veto
How long is the regular session of the Texas legislative?	140 days, every odd-numbered year
Fundamentally, the Supreme Court decisions in Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims were based on the principle of which of the following?	one-person, one-vote
Which of the following is the best way to understand the way Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick has run the Texas Senate since his election in 2015?	strict partisanship
How are grounds for impeachment different in the U.S. Constitution than in the Texas Constitution?	The U.S. Constitution is more specific in what constitutes impeachable offenses, while the Texas Constitution largely leaves it up to the Texas House of Representatives.
The best legal argument for challenging these new maps that reduce the political power of communities of color would come from using which of the following?	Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act
The State of the State message and the submission of the executive budget from the governor both serve what purpose?	They provide legislators with a list of priorities the governor wants considered during the session.
The appointment of legislators to committee chairmanships is most heavily influenced by which factor?	personal loyalty to the leader of the chamber
By creating a bicameral legislature, what outcome did the framers of the Texas Constitution hope to achieve?	to force compromise between competing ideas
As Democrats have increased their numbers in the state legislature, they have seen a proportionate increase in the number of committee chairs they control in the legislature.	false
The land commissioner is responsible for the administration of animal quarantine laws, inspection of food, and enforcement of disease- and pest-control programs.	false
The Legislative Budget Board’s budget receives more consideration by the House and Senate than does the governor’s executive budget.	true
Which institution is charged with making recommendations on whether to alter, terminate, or leave unchanged other entities within the state government after a period review?	Sunset Advisory Commission
How many votes are needed in the Texas Senate to convict a governor under articles of impeachment?	two-thirds majority
Who sets the governor’s salary?	Texas legislature
Suppose the legislature passes a law that includes sections that are a little vague and must be interpreted by the agencies responsible for implementing the new law. This kind of unintended consequence is best described by which of these terms?	the principal-agent problem
Governor Greg Abbott faced which of the following detrimental repercussions in response to his Covid-19 mandates?	negative public opinion
Which of the following determines both the size of the State Board of Education (SBOE) and the Railroad Commission of Texas (RRC) and how their members are selected?	laws passed by the state legislature
Based on your understanding of the functions of the bureaucratic agencies that take care of the business of state government, which of the following is the best definition of bureaucrats?	skilled professionals who carry out the daily tasks of implementing government policy
Governors follow the practice of “senatorial courtesy” for which reason?	The practice allows the governor to accumulate goodwill with legislators by giving them influence over some of the governor's appointments.
The governor can directly grant a pardon.	false
What is an important consequence of partisan elections of members of the State Board of Education?	They encourage ideological battles in creating education policy.
The elected members of the plural executive in Texas are officially selected through which type of election?	partisan general elections
When it comes to impeachment of a governor or other state official, the term impeachment is best understood to mean which of the following?	charged with wrongdoing
What is the primary purpose of the Texas Railroad Commission today?	regulating the production of oil and natural gas
This passage from Governor Abbott’s address, in which he encourages legislators to reform the Texas Child Protective System, is an example of which political activity?	lobbying
As Texas’s lieutenant governor, Dan Patrick is one of the most powerful individuals in state government. His power and influence are mostly derived from which source?	Texas Senate rules
Which standard for the burden of proof is used in civil cases?	a preponderance of the evidence
Regulations enacted by city government, and under the jurisdiction of municipal courts, are often referred to as which of the following?	ordinances
How did the “pick-a-pal” system of selecting members of a grand jury create systemic bias that led to eventual reforms, including the random selection of members from a pool of qualified jurors?	Grand jurors, who are responsible for deciding if charges can be brought against defendants who are often younger people of color in urban areas, would often be older, White, and more affluent.
Texas governors can have significant influence over the judicial system by appointing judges to fill vacancies on the courts. What proportion of the state judges in Texas were initially appointed to their position by the governor?	more than 25 percent
In recent years, nearly two-thirds of states have passed reforms that curtail the practice of civil forfeiture. Texas has made limited attempts at reform, but so far none have passed. Which of the of the following reasons best explains why?	Civil forfeiture deters crime and provides a large amount of funding for law enforcement.
Convictions that result in a death sentence automatically appeal to the Texas Supreme Court.	false
In civil law, the state accuses an individual of violating the law; if the individual is found guilty, punishments for the individual may range from financial penalties to imprisonment.	false
Lawyers who charge a contingent fee are paid whether or not they win their case.	false
What purpose do grand juries serve?	They determine if there is sufficient evidence to bring the accused to trial.
In a merit-selection form of judicial appointments, the governor chooses judicial appointees from what source?	a list created by special screening commission
When a person dies without a will and the property must be divided among heirs, or a will is disputed, the responsibility for settling the distribution of property belongs to which type of court?	probate
Which form of government has authority over flood control?	special district
If you were to purchase a capital appreciation bond from the local school district, how would your investment be paid back?	principal and interest payments upon bond maturity
Which government function is the most significant task associated with county governments?	constructing and maintaining roads and bridges
Special districts are limited to only an area within a single county.	false
Which city reform has made city government more politically representative of its residents?	single-member district elections of council members
Which of the following would most likely be tasked with the planning and execution of emergency management plans, as well as coordination of intergovernmental efforts to build a network of evacuation routes from the area?	councils of government (COGs)
The Texas Constitution requires a balanced budget.	true
The Permanent University Fund was established to provide funding to state universities seeking to achieve national prominence as competitive research institutions.	false
How much each branch of the state government and each state agency is given to spend over the next two years is most heavily influenced by which of the following?	Legislative Budget Board
Why would students and leaders of universities in the University of Houston or Texas State University system not be excited about an unexpected increase in the revenues in the state's Permanent University Fund (PUF)?	The fund doesn't affect them.
Historically, Texas has spent a large amount of money on jointly funded state-federal programs to boost public welfare, subsequently bringing in large amounts of federal matching funds.	false
In 2023, a new Texas University Fund was created using funding from which other state fund?	Economic Stabilization Fund
Texas has a reputation for being a “low service, high tax” state.	false
Not only must a school first meet several rigorous criteria laid out by the state legislature but it must also receive support for this effort from which of these institutions to get the funds?	Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board
Businesses in Texas pay an additional tax known as the franchise tax. These revenues are used as part of the General Revenue Fund and for what other purpose?	reducing the property tax burden
What state institution has the responsibility for managing the Permanent School Fund (PSF)?	State Board of Education (SBOE)
Texas faced a budget shortfall of $15 billion in 2011. The state legislature chose to make up $5.4 billion of the shortfall with cuts to spending in public education. What would motivate legislators to make up almost a third of the shortfall from spending	Public education spending is most often the single largest area of spending in the budget.
Who among the following has the most influence over how much money will be spent by the state government over the course of a biennium?	state comptroller
If an economist was arguing that it would be fairer for everyone in society to pay the same percentage of their income in taxes rather than pay taxes at different percentages based on income levels, the economist would be making the case for which?	regressive
When school districts are funded by local taxes only, the likelihood of disparities in funding goes up.	true
Poverty in Texas is highest in the border counties.	true
What is the purpose of the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program?	to guarantee income for individuals at the greatest risk of living in poverty
Which of the following groups has the highest rate of poverty in Texas?	Black People
What was the Texas government’s response in the years immediately following the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka by the Supreme Court in 1954?	make policies to encourage schools to disobey the school desegregation ruling.
Which group is most likely to face poverty in Texas?	children
Media coverage of the Selma March for voting rights, passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, congressional oversight to assure implementation of the act, and the review of constitutional challenges to the act by the federal courts are examples of?	policy legitimation
An “optimal” policy solution to an issue would be one in which what occurs?	The best results occur with the least resources being committed.
To raise awareness about issues important to you as a member of an interest group, during which stage of the policy-making process should you seek to approach policy makers?	problem identification
After conviction, death penalty sentences are carried out swiftly.	false
Between 2010 and 2024, how many mass shooting events occurred in Texas?	ten
Compared to the U.S. average, which statement best describes the rate of violent crime in Texas?	Texas has more violent crime.
A prosecutor has a robbery case in which there are contradictory confessions from the two defendants and evidence that shows they were both involved Which of the following options explains what the prosecutor will likely do to earn a conviction?	Offer plea bargains to a lesser charge with long terms of supervision.
What motivation might you have to support reform policies, often associated with more liberal policy goals, that favor probation or diversion programs over prison time?	Individuals are still penalized for their criminal acts, and it saves state funds by avoiding adding to prison populations.
The violent crime rate and the property crime rate in Texas are both lower than the national average.	true
A system based on restorative justice is one that makes sure what must occur?	People who have been victimized are made whole and protected from future victimization.
Which word describes the current trend in Texas gun ownership?	declining
Today’s Republican Party in Texas is divided between which two groups?	business-friendly establishment conservatives and cultural conservatives
What is the primary benefit to Texas of having large military bases like Fort Cavazos located in the state?	expanded economic activity
Most major cities in Texas are now run by Democrats. What influence has this had on the Republicans who control state government?	greater restrictions on local control
The authority to regulate production and transport of oil and natural gas in Texas belongs to which agency?	Texas Railroad Commission
What is the underlying cause that led to the founding of the La Raza Unida Party?	Political, social, and economic institutions were designed to exclude Latinos.
Texas surrendered claims to land in present-day New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas, and Oklahoma in the Compromise of 1850 in order to do which of the following?	raise money and pay off its debts
The push to rewrite the Texas Constitution in the 1970s emerged from which of the following events?	a stock fraud scandal
The authors of the Constitution of 1876 placed control of education into local school districts and allowed parents to choose whether or not to send their children to school because they wanted to achieve which of the following?	Prevention of the use of tax dollars for racially integrated schools.
Following the example of the U.S. Constitution, the Texas Constitution offers few specifics on the structures and powers of the judicial branch.	false
Which of the following is the strongest piece of evidence that the United States has a federalist and not a unitary form of government?	States have the greatest impact on the daily lives of Americans.
Judging from the excerpt in the text box, this civil rights organization believes that SB4, or the “sanctuary cities” law, violates which part of the U.S. Constitution?	the equal protection clause
The fact that a state is prohibited from creating any standard that allows only particular races of individuals to vote in a primary election is an example of which of the following in action?	preemption
Much of the decline in trust of the mainstream media can be credited to which of the following?	ambitious politicians
When a public figure or media organization tells you how to understand an issue or event, which of these concepts best describes their effort to shape your thinking?	framing
If journalists and news organizations choose to give more time to stories about crime in rural areas of the state and, as a result, public officials begin receiving pressure from their constituents, what is the activity	agenda-setting
Which state has the largest number of so-called “ethnic media outlets?”	california
Citizen journalism can be very informative and useful in exposing wrongdoing, but critics raise concerns about which potential issue?	accuracy
bloggers providing accounts of the 2004 tsunami in Thailand, and published essays from those who experienced the overwhelming flooding of the Houston region by Hurricane Harvey in 2017 are all examples of	citizen journalism.
Increased media fragmentation is most likely to have which of these impacts on the public’s perception of the news?	An increase in partisan and ideological interpretations of issues and events.
The biggest concern about media consolidation is the narrowing of viewpoint diversity in the reporting of the news.	True
Issues that may spark strong debate and be used by politicians to galvanize supporters—like abortion, participation of transgender athletes on sports teams, and gender-affirming care for minors—are often referred to as what kinds of issues?	cultural war
What is the most important function of county-level executive committees for each political party?	coordinating primary elections
What best characterizes the “Shivercrat Movement”?	Conservative White Democrats began splitting their votes over Democratic Party support for stronger national government.
The fading of La Raza Unida as a third party in Texas coincided with the state’s shift from a Democratic-controlled to a Republican-dominated state. Which of the following is the likely explanation for what caused the disappearance of La Raza Unida?	As the Democratic Party of Texas lost conservative Whites from its base, it adopted more issues that attracted Latino voters from La Raza Unida.
The growth of the suburbs and their subsequent political influence in Texas can be attributed to which of the following changes in American life?	interstate highway system
What is it about the way people are socialized that makes people most likely to adopt a particular political ideology?	consistent messages from external influences
Suppose a candidate for office would prefer to run as an independent but choses to run under a party label instead. Which of these would be the most compelling reason behind this choice?	difficult election rules for filing as an independent
Which provision under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 required any changes to election procedures or district lines to be approved by the U.S. Department of Justice?	preclearance
Political parties conduct campaigns to achieve what goal?	get control of government
Texas Republicans (as well as many national Republicans) have shifted the most on which political issue, even in light of the changing demographics of the state and the nation?	immigration
Political leaders often opposed suffrage for women because they feared what?	Women would force their morals on the public.
How do most statewide officials begin their political careers?	a run for a local office
Some critics say that campaign finance laws in Texas are too loose. Which agency has been criticized for its inability to apply penalties that dissuade poor behavior by candidates and donors in Texas?	Texas Ethics Commission (TEC)
Endorsements from newspaper editorial boards are most likely to make a difference in what kinds of elections?	local
In a presidential election year, what proportion of the Texas State Senate is up for reelection?	half
The last time independent candidates received significant portions of the statewide vote occurred when?	the 2006 gubernatorial election
How did the Democratic Party of the 1940s and 1950s try to get around the Supreme Court’s efforts to end the exclusion of non-Whites from the primary process in Smith v. Allwright?	Democrats created an outside group to narrow the field of candidates.
While all of these tools were used, which had the most significant advancements in advancing political equality for Black and Hispanic Texans?	litigation
What is the significance of financial investment of groups like EMILY’s List for candidates seeking office?	Early financial investments by donors give candidates the ability to build the necessary organization and momentum needed to win.
lobbyists work through the legislative session to get an increase in pay for their members, but the pay increase the members win also benefits the more than 1 million educators in Texas. this organization’s work is an example of which of the following?	free rider problem
Increased voter participation weakens the overall amount of strength that interest groups have in Texas government.	true
What was the effect of the Supreme Court ruling in Allen v. Milligan (2023)?	affirmation of protections of racial and ethnic differences in the redistricting process
While a veto threat is not a formal power of the governor, it is an important negotiating tool between the governor and the legislature for which reason?	Vetoes are notoriously difficult for the legislature to overcome when in session and impossible to overcone when out of session.
What can be considered an unintended result of the fact that the Texas Legislature has so heavily gerrymandered congressional districts in favor of Republicans?	Texas is severely weakened in influence when Democrats control Congress.
Which of the following is the best description of what it means for a public official to have been impeached?	when a majority in the Texas House of Representatives brings charges against an elected official
What is it about the Texas governor’s appointment power that makes it so significant?	It results in agency administrations filled with people who think like the governor.
Supporters of the plural executive structure make which argument in favor of it?	Officials are more responsive to voters.
How might a military veteran benefit from the land commissioner and the Texas General Land Office?	low-interest home loans
The Texas Constitution sets the election of the governor in off-years from presidential elections for what purpose?	to limit the influence of presidential candidates
When does the governor traditionally deliver a State of the State message?	at the beginning of each legislative session
If you represent an oil and natural gas corporation seeking to get the rights to drill offshore in Texas, you would need to need to get permission from the Texas commissioner of agriculture	false
Important questions about the ability to regulate the production and transportation of oil and natural gas have been raised about which state agency because of its cozy relationship with the industry it is supposed to regulate?	Railroad Commission
If you enter into a lawsuit against the Texas Education Agency (TEA), who will represent the agency in court?	attorney general
While some politicians and members of the public may misunderstand and decry the bureaucracy, the departments and agencies that make up the state bureaucracy are responsible for which of the following?	implementating and enforcing laws effectively
Why can martial law be declared only in cases of uncontrolled rioting or disasters?	Martial law displaces the authority of local governments.
If the governor identifies a need that requires transferring funds from one state agency to another, they must normally get approval from which organization to do so?	Legislative Budget Board (LBB)
Once a special session of the legislature has been called, who determines the agenda?	the govonor
Which of these permits law enforcement to confiscate property believed to be used for illicit purposes without first obtaining conviction of a crime?	civil forfeiture
After many Republican judges lost their seats in urban areas during the 2018 election. What action was taken to address the concern about inexperienced candidates being elected to judicial office?	Texans increased the minimum years of legal experience required for candidates.
Texas legislature passed legislation that limited the amount of money a physician or hospital can be required to pay to no more than $250,000 per lawsuit. How did proponents of this change describe this new limit on awards?	tort reform
Professor canteach students about the law and legal practices but is not qualified to argue a case in front of a court or run for state judicial office. What reason the law professor cannot practice law in front of the courts or run for a state judgeship?	The professor has not passed the bar exam.
Which of the following is perhaps the greatest obstacle to getting the best-qualified individuals to run for judgeships and to stay on the bench in Texas?	Private law practice can bring much more money.
In its role as a small claims court, the justice of the peace court may hear civil law cases involving amounts of no more than what?	$10,000
Outside of a death penalty conviction, which of the following is the most likely reason a criminal conviction will be granted an appeal with the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals?	allegations of procedural error
Which of the following is a major reason that community colleges are often more affordable options than four-year universities?	Taxpayers subsidize the cost of tuition at community colleges.
Many, if not most, Texans are unaware of the municipal utility districts (MUDs) they live in and who operates them. Critics often argue that this lack of knowledge makes MUDs more prone to which of the following?	abuse of power
The Texas University Fund is a major state investment fund that provides resources for which institutions?	all public universities except the University of Texas and Texas A&M University systems
Which funding structure was created as a safeguard for the state in times of financial stress?	Economic Stabilization Fund
Economic Stabilization Fund	Higher Education Fund (HEF)
If you were to follow the movement of tax dollars from the federal government to the state of Texas, those federal tax dollars are most likely to end up in what part of the state’s spending?	education
Which statement describes the most recent trends in the way the state spends money?	Overall spending continues to increase, but spending per capita has fallen.
The most significant limits placed on the American welfare programs since the New Deal occurred during the administration of which president?	Bill Clinton
children in the Texas foster care system under the supervision of CPS were not receiving timely attention for claims of abuse and mistreatment. This led federal courts to determine which of the following:	Children were having their due process rights violated.
What is the role of the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles?	making clemency recommendations to the governor
A person involved with the making or delivering of fentanyl may face what maximum charges under Texas state law?	felony murder
Why is it important to have a standard for conviction in a criminal trial be “beyond a reasonable doubt”?	It requires jurors to reach a determination that there is no other possible way another individual could have committed the crime.
Which of the following is true about the reality of children who are incarcerated in adult facilities?	They are significantly more likely to die by suicide.
Which of the following is a struggle that urban police departments and rural police departments have in common?	the need to pay police officers competitive wages and provide benefits
people under the age of 35 who have a history of substance abuse are more likely than many other groups to end up back in jail. Which term describes this likelihood that previous offenders will commit future crimes that land them back in jail?	recidivism
What has been the single largest cause for the rise in the number of exonerations in wrongful conviction cases in Texas?	advancements in DNA testing
The United States Bill of Rights consists of which of the following?	the first ten amendments
What organization is responsible for overseeing the certification process, licensing, and discipline guidelines for peace officers in Texas?	Texas Commission on Law Enforcement
Which of these terms describes the constitutional protections guaranteed to a person accused of a crime, such as being informed of the charges made against them, the right to an attorney, and the right to a jury trial?	due process

Created by: Angel Guerrero

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