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Carbon structures

TermDefinition
Why Carbon? Universal and Abundant, tetravalent: Has 4 valence electrons that are available to bond, really likes OHN
Isomerism Molecules with the same molecular formula. but different structures, any molecule more complex than propane has at leat one isomer: leads to emergent properties
Structural Same formula, different order
Cis trans Same formula, different positioning, around double bond
Enantiomers Same formula, mirror image positioning around central carbon
Functional Groups Chemical groups attached to the carbon skeleton that participate in chemical reactions
Sex hormones Differ only in the chemical group attached to carbon skeleton; the entire difference in the physical appearance of the sexes is due to these hormones
Dehydration Synthesis Bonds two monomers, through a loss of H2O, the -OH of one monomer bones to -H of the other monomer forming H2O which is then released.
Hydrolysis Breaks the bones in a polymer through adding H2O, one of H or the H2O bonds to one monomer and the remaining -OH of the H2O attached to the other monomer.
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Major carbs for energy, Hexose: 6 carbons sugars most “famous” monosaccharides, 3 mono: glucose, galactose, and fructose, typically shows as carbon rings takes this shape in an aqueous environment.
Polysaccharides Massive polymers of sugars are called polysaccharides, they function as energy storage primarily though glycogen and starch and structural elements: cellulose and chitin
Energy storage Polysaccharides are great for short-term storing of energy. In plants, amylose (“starch”) . In animals: glycogen for energy storage
Structural carbohydrates: Chitin modified polysaccharide: Fungi cell walls, arthropod exoskeletons, and dissolvable stitches.
Structural Carbohydrates: Peptidoglycan another modified polysaccharide.   Bacterial cell walls.
Structural Support: Starch & Cellulose Cellulose is the tough, major component of plant cell walls. The difference between starch and cellulose is in the linkages between glucose units. Starch= alpha linked.         Cellulose= beta linked
Lipids Fats, Oils and Waxes, Made of C, H and O, Used for a long-term energy storage and insulation, Large % of cell membrane, Not true polymers, 3 major groups : triglycerides, phospholipids. and steroids
Triglycerides ("fats") One glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Connected by dehydration synthesis by 3 ester linkages Major functions-  energy storage; long term storage in adipose cells; cushions organs and insulates body 
Phospholipids Modified triglycerides. Replace one fatty acid with a phosphate Makes the molecule have a polar and a non-polar region (“amphipathic”) The major component of cell membranes (arranged as a “bi layer”)
Steroid 1 class of hormones and cholesterol Notable structure = 4 fused rings Presence of different functional groups leads to different functions.
Created by: nuhaSalim
 

 



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