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Bio 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ecology | the study of the relationships among organisms and the environment |
| organism | a single living individual made of cells |
| population | interbreeding organisms of one species occupying the same area at the same time |
| community | all populations, representing multiple species, in the same region |
| ecosystem | the biotic/living community plus the abiotic/nonliving environment |
| biosphere | all parts of the planet where life exists |
| population ecology | studies factors affecting population size and how they change over space and time |
| immigration | movement of individuals into a population |
| emigration | movement of individuals out of a population |
| type 1 survivorship | rate of loss of juveniles is low and most individuals are lost later in life, species invest the most time into raising their young, ex. humans |
| type 2 survivorship | uniform death rate throughout life ex. birds and reptiles |
| type 3 survivorship | species that invest little energy raising their young and have high death rates among offspring, ex. insects and fish |
| population growth equation | G=rN (G growth rate, r per capital rate of increase, N initial size of population) |
| exponential growth | resources are not limiting and allow for the population to grow over a time period, J-shaped curve |
| logistic growth | resources are limiting and limit the population cap, S-shaped curve |
| logistic growth equation | G=rN((K-N)/K) (G growth rate, r per capital rate of increase, N initial population size, K carrying capacity) |
| density-dependent factors | effects increase as the population density increases |
| density-independent factors | effects that are unrelated to population density |
| competition | when two or more species try to obtain the same limited resource, negative effect on both species |
| competition exclusion principle | the species that acquired more of the resources will eventually "win" whereas the less successful species will die out |
| symbiotic relationships | when two species share a close and often lifelong relationship in which one typically lives in/on the other |
| mutualism | a relationship that improves the fitness of both species, positive effect on both species, ex. clownfish and anemone |
| commensalism | one species benefits but the other is not significantly affected ex. moss on tree trunks |
| parasitism | one organism feeds off another, but typically does not kill it, one species has a positive effect and the other has a negative effect, ex. tapeworms |
| herbivory | when herbivores consume plants, the organism benefits and the plant is negatively impacted |
| predation | when predatory animals eat prey animals, ex. wolves and deer |
| coevolution | reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species, driven by natural selection |
| necessary conditions of coevolution | 1. two or more interacting species exist in the same place and time, 2. the actions of one species impose survival or reproduction in the other species |
| species richness | the total number of species occupying a habitat |
| species evenness | the proportion of a community that each species occupies, |
| high species evenness | equal number of each species |
| succession | change in a community's species composition |
| primary succession | happens in an area where no community has previously existed |
| secondary succession | when a community is disturbed but not destroyed |
| keystone species | a species that is crucial to the community |
| biomagnification | a consequence of the energy pyramid for ecosystems, happens in pollutants and other chemicals that share these two characteristics: they dissolve in fat and they are not readily degraded |
| water cycle parts (WC) | transpiration, cellular respiration, evaporation, precipitation |
| transpiration/cellular respiration (WC) | begins the water cycle, comes from producers and consumers |
| evaporation (WC) | water vapor accumulates from lakes, oceans, and rivers to the atmosphere |
| precipitation (WC) | water is released from the atmosphere and returns to the land as precipitation |
| carbon atom (CC) | fundamental building block of life on Earth, can form four stable covalent bonds that allow for the creation of complex molecules |
| CO2 (CC) | the main inorganic storage reservoir for carbon |
| photosynthesis (CC) | producers use CO2 in the carbon cycle during this phase to make organic molecules |
| cellular respiration (CC) | carbon is released during this phase and producers, herbivores, predators, and decomposers consume organic molecules which releases carbon back into the atmosphere and oceans |
| nitrogen (NC) | an essential nutrient because it is a component of proteins and nucleic acids |
| N2 (NC) | this element is stored in the atmosphere as the main inorganic storage reservoir for nitrogen |
| nitrogen fixation (NC) | microbes convert nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonium (NH4+) so some producers can absorb the nitrogen |
| nitrification (NC) | bacteria convert ammonium to nitrate (NO3-) so some producers can use the nitrogen |
| producers role (NC) | producers absorb ammonium and nitrate from the soil and spread it to herbivores and predators that eat producers |
| gentrification (NC) | bacteria convert ammonium and nitrate back to nitrogen gas and release it to the atmosphere |
| phosphorus (PC) | an essential nutrient because it is a component of nucleic acids, ATP, and membrane phospholipids |
| phosphorus storage (PC) | rocks, nutrients enter soil as the rocks erode |
| producers (PC) | absorb phosphorus from the soil, often with the help of mycorrhizal fungi |
| decomposers (PC) | return phosphorus to the soil |
| eutrophication | when excessive nutrients lead to oxygen-poor water that cannot sustain much life |
| algal bloom | occurs with eutrophication, when nutrients are high and result in excessive growth on the water |
| dead zones | when decomposers continue to use cellular respiration using oxygen gas the lack of O2 kills organisms dependent on it and leaves areas depleted of life |
| tropical rainforest | warm and wet biome, highest species diversity of all terrestrial biome |
| temperate forest | warm summer, cool winters, and consistent rainfall, with trees and migratory animals common |
| taiga (boreal forest) | cold and relatively dry biome, long harsh winters that last over 6 months and little moisture during winter. characterized by evergreen trees |
| tundra | super cold and very little moisture, topsoil is often covered by permafrost that is frozen year round limiting plants |
| polar ice | extremely cold, dry and windy year round, share characteristics of terrestrial and aquatic biomes |
| tropical savanna | warm year round with wet and dry seasons, few trees or shrubs but lots of grazing animals. fire is used a lot to maintain this biome |
| temperate grassland | mostly moist with hot summers and cold winters, few if any trees due to insufficient rainfall, grazing, and fire |
| desert | dry biome, receive very little rain, found at around 30 degrees north and south latitudes, soil is low in organic matter, plants are adapted to store water, and most animals are nocturnal |
| mediterranean shrubland (chaparral) | hot dry summers, and cool moist winters. susceptible to fire in the summer and plants are typically resistant to fire and drought tolerant |
| lakes and ponds | standing water freshwater biome, phytoplankton are the dominant primary producers |
| oligotrophic | nutrient-poor lakes and ponds that have clear water because they don't have enough phytoplankton |
| freshwater wetland | when eutrophic surface water tales over and a lake fills completely with sediments |
| rivers and streams | fast moving headwaters that have different producers and consumers than slow moving waters |
| estuaries | nutrient rich areas where rivers meet oceans. organisms have to be able to tolerate shifts in salinity. this biome is home to some of the world most productive ecosystems |
| importance of estuaries | provide nurseries for marine life, support abundant biodiversity, filter sediments and pollutants, and protect coastlines from storms and erosion |
| intertidal zones | found in the areas between high and low tide marks. organisms that live here need to be able to tolerate exposure to the atmosphere and being submerged in saltwater |
| coral reefs | vibrant and large underwater structures comprised of calcium carbonate built by organisms |
| open ocean | vast and home to populations that are very dispersed and difficult to observe, covers 70% of earths surface |
Created by:
odetteschnell7