Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
behaviorism
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Behaviorist perspective | emphasized scientific experimentation, measurement, and prediction of behavior. Sought to explain behavior through learning principles such as conditioning and reinforcement |
| Social utopias | Social systems could be designed using principles of reinforcement to promote cooperation and well-being. Such a society would be guided by behavioral science rather than beliefs in individual autonomy or free will |
| Token economies | Patients earn tokens for desired behaviors, which can be exchanged for privileges or rewards |
| behavior modification | seeks to eliminate undesirable behaviors by changing the environmental conditions in which they occur |
| maladaptive or neurotic behavior -- Skinner | explained in terms of environmental contingencies that sustain and reinforce it; individuals may be conditioned by their environments to behave in inappropriate ways |
| continuous reinforcement | The desired behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. Effective for developing and strengthening behavior, but the behavior is easily extinguished |
| interval reinforcement | Reinforcement occurs after a certain time period has elapsed, regardless of response rate More resistant to extinction, but response levels tend to be lower |
| fixed interval | reinforcement available after set time (every 5 mins) |
| variable interval | time interval varies |
| ratio reinforcement | Reinforcement depends on the number of responses emitted |
| fixed ratio | number of responses required for reinforcement is constant |
| variable ratio | number of responses varies (gambling) |
| best type of reinforcement for initially developing behavior | continuous reinforcement |
| most effective for maintaining behavior | variable ratio |
| positive reinforcement (most effective) | a behavior is followed by a consequence that increases the likelihood that it will occur again |
| negative reinforcement | a behavior is followed by the removal or reduction of an unpleasant condition, increasing the likelihood the behavior will occur again |
| punishment | A behavior is followed by an unpleasant consequence intended to decrease the behavior |
| key distinction between reinforcement and punishment | reinforcement increases behavior, punishment decreases behavior |
| reinforcement definition | anything that increases the likelihood that a response will occur again; behavior is shaped by consequences |
| respondent behavior | elicited by a stimulus (classical conditioning) |
| operant behavior | emitted by the organism and not necessarily triggered by a specific stimulus |
| operant conditioning | learning occurs through reinforcement of operant behaviors |
| discrimination | learning to distinguish between a stimuli that are reinforced and those that are not |
| empiricism | all knowledge originates in experience |
| Thorndike's law of effect | When a behavior is followed by satisfaction, it is more likely to occur again or When behavior is followed by frustration or discomfort, it is less likely to occur |
| frustration | occurs when an individual is unable to reduce a drive because a response is blocked |
| cue | a signal from the environment that guides which response is selected |
| response | an action or behavior |
| reinforcement (reward) | obtaining something that strengthens the behavior (positive reinforcement) |
| drives | any need which activates behavior. It can be innate, or it can be acquired through experience, strong internal stimulation that produces discomfort |
| primary drives | hunger, thirst, sleep |
| secondary drives | learned on basis of primary drives – being motivated to eat at one’s usual dinner hour or wanting to earn money in order to buy food |
| reinforcer | any event that increases the likelihood of a particular response |
| primary reinforcers | those that reduce primary drives |
| secondary reinforcers | originally neutral, but they acquire reward value when associated with primary reinforcers |
| Skinner's theory of personality | Considered the term personality unnecessary, arguing that overt behavior can be fully understood as responses to environmental factors. Viewed the person as essentially “empty” focusing instead on how changes in the environment shape behavior |
| Dollard and Miller | Proposed an S-R (stimulus-response) theory of personality and social behavior Suggested that the basic elements of personality are systems of habits |
| habits | Strong connections between a stimulus and a response Temporary structures that can be learned and unlearned Theory focuses on environmental conditions that encourage habit acquisition |
Created by:
user-2038953