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Ethics Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Michael Goerger | A history of violent video games |
| Michael Goerger | Had a strong intuition that violent games are immoral |
| Michael Goerger | It is difficult to reject the intuition that violent gaming is morally questionable. Example- Worrisome of a group laughing gleefully while burning to death |
| Berys Gaut | His view was that moral badness of a joke is sufficient to eliminate the humor of a joke |
| Tendentious Joke | An impure humor that usually involved either lust of maliciousness in the joke |
| Moralist | Our sense of humor is fully answerable to ethical consideration |
| Moralist | A joke resting on morally bad stereotypes or expressing a derogatory attitude shows that it isn't funny A joke shouldn't be used as an instrument of oppression |
| Anti-Moralist | Position our sense of humor is not answerable to ethical considerations Sometimes what makes a joke funny is its cruelty |
| Anti-Moralist justification | One can't tell morally bad jokes because joke tellers are only entertaining the content of the joke Example- Dead baby jokes. The joke teller isn't really saying that babies being killed is something we should delight in our communicating |
| Noel Caroll | He stated Moderate Moralism- Moral evaluation may figure in our aesthetic evaluation of certain artwork |
| Moderate Autonomism | Moral judgements about artworks can be made, the judgments do not affect the aesthetic evaluation of the artwork itself |
| Radical Autonomism | It is meaningless to judge artworks based on ethical considerations |
| Radical Moralism | That art should be evaluated independently of moral criteria |
| Moderate Moralism | Moral evaluation in our aesthetic artwork. Moral features of a work can also influence its aesthetic value. Maybe judged both aesthetically and morally |
| Jeffrey W. Howard | He talked about how moral subversion occurs when unjust institutions distort people's moral judgement The system subtly reshapes what individuals perceive as normal. |
| Moral subversion | Structural entrapment refers to situations where unjust institutions constrain the options available, making it extremely difficult for individuals to avoid participating in wrong doing |
| Social Contract Theory | View that people’s moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live |
| Thomas Hobbes | He talks about political philosophy |
| Thomas Hobbes | o Human nature - Humans are self-centered and equal - By equal he means each person can pose a credible threat to another |
| Thomas Hobbes | o State of nature - The time period of humanity before there was government - No governing power to regulate men |
| Thomas Hobbes | o Hobbes believes the state of nature is a nasty state of life where men become enemies and try to destroy one another - He thinks the state of nature is an amoral condition where there is no such thing as good and evil or right and wrong |
| John Locke | Talks about the state of nature- government has authority of us |
| John Locke | Establish of Government o Protect our lives, liberty, private property Strong property of liberty – believes to binding authority Separation of powers & rule by majority = problematic (for ex. Minority) |
| Crito | Plato |
| Crito | Socrates law of Athens |
| Crito | Wants to act unjustly with Socrates' friends Socrates doesn't want to escape b/c he believes its wrong and breaking the law |
| John Rawls | The thought of justice is fairness~ veil of ignornance |
| John Rawls | Justice Liberty of Society |
| John Rawls | Principle of Legitimacy The test for acceptable use of political power in democracy Must fulfill criterion of reciprocity All citizens can accept enforcement of a particular set of basic laws |
| John Rawls | Guiding principles for _____ justice as fairness 1st each person is to have equal rights to liberties 2nd social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions |
| Stephen Kershnar | Believes that men produce more b/c of the difference and similarities Morally permissible to discriminate against woman and jobs |
| Stephen Kershnar | He states that a lot of moms want to be stay at home moms because they don't want to worl |
| Just War Criteria | Just cause, Proportionality, Right Intention, Last Resort, Reasonable chance of success, Declared by proper authority |
| Just War Criteria | Justice within war: Proportional means; no harming enemy Noncombatant immunaritary |
| Realism | Morality has no place in war |
| Realism | Adv- Easier to win, go to war often, easier for people to support the war Disadv- Can start war for bas reasons, anarchy, escalation, innocent people die, unpopular for people who live there |
| Double Effect | Morally justifies performing an action that produces harm if.. Example- Medical injection that will reduce someone’s pain, but will shorten their lifespan |
| Fritz Allhoff | Tortue, in some cases is required |
| Fritz Allhoff | Ticking time-bomb scenario - Further imagine that law enforcement has just apprehended a terrorist and has epistemic certainty: the terrorist is responsible for the bomb, the terrorist knows the details that could lead to its defusing |
| Fritz Allhoff | He acknowledges that torture is prima facie wrong He also acknowledges that not all major ethical theories can be utilized to promote torturing the terrorist in the ticking time-bomb scenario |
| Kantianism | Tortue is contrary to the kingdom of ends Kantian believes it is wrong to torture the terrorist in the ticking time-bomb scenario |
| Patrick Lee | Ethics of Intentional Killing Abortion Debate (pro-life)- protecting unborn life states that embryos have rights |
| David Boonin | not against abortion (pro-choice) He states if the fetus has a life, it doesn’t follow the rights to be kept alive He uses the example of bone marrow transplant to demonstrate |
| Germain Grisez | Suicide and Euthanasia Euthanasia- The intentional killing to eliminate pain and suffering |
| Germain Grisez | Instrumental good: good valued as a means towards a forward good. Ex: money, hammer, thermometer Intrinsic good: good we value for own sake. Ex: love, friendship, happiness |
| Germain Grisez | says human life is an intrinsic good He believes one should never act in a way directly detrimental to an intrinsic good |
| Germain Grisez | He does not offer judgement on everyone who has killed themselves Euthanasian is wrong b/c it is a direct attack on the intrinsic good of lie |
| Germain Grisez | - He also says suicide is wrong b/c it is contrary to loving God, harms the community, removes us from the ability to continue to promote human goods |
| Physician Assisted Suicide | a doctor kills his patient at the patients request |
| Consequentialism | The consequences to our actions |
| Euthyphro | Plato |
| Euthyphro | Euthyphro takes the position that something is morally good because the gods command it to be good o Divine command theory |
| Euthyphro | Socrates – morality is objective, universal, and unchanging. Not even the goals change it |
| Euthyphro | Likely written within 12 years after the death of Socrates Takes place right before Socrates trail Socrates is being charged with corrupting the youth of Athens and impiety (denying ancient gods and creating new ones) |
| Naturalism | o The belief that only natural laws govern the universe without supernatural forces and the natural universe is all there is |
| Meta-Ethics | Studies the origin, nature, and meaning of moral properties. Attempts to understand the ultimate presuppositions that go into moral thought and practice. Where does morality come from? What does morality ultimately consist of? What does morality mean? |
| William Lane Craig | is not saying: o Only theists can act morally o Only by believing in god can we know what is moral |
| William Lane Craig | o Morality is objective, unchanging, and universal o God is a necessary meta-ethical foundation for morality o If God exists, the objectivity of moral values and duties is secured |
| William Lane Craig | o Objective moral values are rooted in God’s eternal nature. Gods’ eternal being supplies the standard of goodness o Our moral duties are expressed to us in the form of divine commands by God o Theism holds us morally accountable for our actions |
| William Lane Craig | says the naturalist worldview cant coherently supply objective moral values, duties, or ultimate accountability – if naturalism is true, we cant condemn war, oppression, or crime as morally evil |
| William Lane Craig | Questions about if we don’t have a soul, what makes us different from animals or if we don’t have free will |
| William Lane Craig | Moral accountability o God’s existence provides good ultimately triumphing over evil o Craig believes this infuses the moral choices we make with eternal significance |
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