Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
EXAM 4 STUDY PREP
Obstetrics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rhizomelia describes shortening of the ? segment of the long bone | Proximal |
| Gastroschisis is a defect located to the ? of the umbilical cord insertion. | Right |
| Which is the most common nonlethal skeletal dyplasia? | Achrondoplasia |
| True or False: Secondary pulmonary hypoplasia as a result of a skeletal dysplasia is the main contributing factor in fetal death | True |
| Mesomelia describes shortening of the ? segment of long bones | Distal |
| True or False: Heterozygous achrondoplasia is considered lethal | False |
| True or False: AFP levels will be elevated with gastroschisis | True |
| What is the most common malformation of the fetal midgut? | Meckel's Diverticulum |
| Talipes is the term that describes? | Clubbed feet |
| Which abdominal organ enlarges in response to Rh-immune disease? | Liver |
| When do testicles descend into the scrotum from the inguinal canal during pregnancy? | 7 months |
| What is the common congenital heart defect seen in the fetal heart? | Ventricular septal defect |
| A membranous VSD, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy describes what heart condition? | Tetralogy of Fallot |
| The heart in the right chest with the apex pointing to the right describes? | Dextrocardia |
| True or False: Omphaloceles are usually associated with other anomalies. | True |
| True or False: The fetal heart should occupy roughly 1/2 of the thoracic cavity | False |
| What condition is commonly seen with a bicuspid aortic valve? | Coarctation of aorta |
| Duodenal atresia is associated with which trisomy? | Trisomy 21 |
| Which fetal shunt directs blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta? | Ductus arteriosus |
| True or False: Gender documentation is not medically necessary during routine anatomy scans | False |
| Which of the following is most important to evaluate when there is suspicion of a renal abnormality? | Amniotic fluid |
| True or False: There are 4 types of Potter's classification | True |
| The "double bubble" signs describes? | Duodenal Atresia |
| Evaluation of the fetal abdominal wall demonstrated evisceration of the bowel to the right of the umbilical cord. This is most representative of? | Gastroschisis |
| An anomaly with large cranial defects, facial cleft, large body wall defects, and limb abnormalities is called? | Limb-body wall complex |
| In a transverse image, evidence of double bubble in a fetus with Trisomy 21 represents? | Duodenal atresia |
| Peritoneal calcifications are noted in a 30 week fetus. This may represent? | Meconium peritonitis |
| The two most common anterior abdominal wall defects are? | Gastroschisis and omphalocele |
| The derivatives of the hindgut include? | Descending colon, sigmoid colon, urethra (NOT cecum) |
| The most common malformation of the midgut is? | Meckel's Diverticulum |
| The rupture of the amnion that leads to entrapment of entanglement of the fetal parts by the "sticky" chorion is called? | Amniotic band syndrome |
| The most reliable criterion for diagnosing dilated bowel is? | Bowel diameter |
| Notably dilated free floating bowel loops in gastroschisis may suggest? | Infarction |
| Bladder exstrophy is characterized by a defect in the lower abdominal wall of the urinary bladder. This may be accompanied by? | Omphalocele, inguinal hernia, undescended testes (NOT gastroschisis) |
| VACTERL is a group of anomalies associated with? | Esophageal atresia |
| A sonolucent band identified near the fetal anterior abdominal wall represents? | Pseudoascites |
| The five defects of pentalogy of Cantrell include? | Omphalocele, ectopic heart, distal sternum defect, diaphragmatic hernia, and diaphragmatic pericardium |
| The distinction of the large bowel from the small bowel is possible as early as? | 20 gestational weeks |
| Correct statements about the fetal stomach | *Most fetuses greater than 14 to 16 weeks demonstrate fluid in their stomach *A marked variation in the size of the stomach may be seen *Echogenic debris may be seen in the dependent portion of the stomach |
| Transposition of the liver and stomach, absence of the gallbladder, multiple spleens, and disruption of the inferior vena cava describes? | Polysplenia |
| The herniation of an omphalocele is covered by a membrane that consists of? | The amnion and peritoneum |
| The most dramatic finding in ectopia cordis is? | The presence of the heart outside of the thoracic cavity |
| What term refers to a cystic dilation of the intravesical segment of the distal ureter? | Ureterocele |
| Where do the kidneys initially lie? | Very close together in the pelvis |
| What is "cryptochordism?" | Undescended testicles |
| Which syndrome is also known as Prune-belly syndrome? | Eagle-Barrett Syndrome |
| Sonographic findings in bilateral renal agenesis include? | Small thorax, oligohydramnios, absence o urine in the fetal bladder (NOT dilated fetal bladder) |
| What gives rise to the permanent kidneys? | Metanephros |
| What condition exists when the renal system fails to develop? | Renal agenesis |
| Sonographic findings in posterior urethral valve obstruction include? | Hydroureter, oligohydramnios, hydronephrosis (NOT thinning of the bladder wall) |
| What condition exists when the kidney is located on the opposite side of its urethral insertion into the bladder? | Crossed renal ectopia |
| Renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, pulmonary hypoplasia, abnormal facies, and malformed hands and feet may be found in? | Potter's Syndrome |
| Which definition best describes hydronephrosis? | Dilation of renal pelvis and calyces |
| Which karyotype can be seen in true hermaphroditism? | 46, XO/46, XY |
| The "keyhole" sign is noted sonographically with which anomaly? | PUV obstruction |
| What two categories are renal malformations divided? | Congenital obstructive |
| Which classification of osteogenesis imperfecta is considered the most severe? | Type II |
| What is the most common lethal skeletal dysplasia? | Thanatophonic dysplasia |
| A diagnosis of talipes may be made with? | Persistent abnormal inversion of the foot perpendicular to the lower leg |
| True facts about achondroplasia? | *Patients with homozygous achondroplasia have a poor survival rate *Achondroplasia is most commonly the result of a spontaneous mutation *Achondroplasia results from decreased endochondral bone formation |
| The condition in which the middle segments of bone are shortened? | Mesomelia |
| A group of lethal skeletal dysplasias characterized by bowing of the long bones is? | Camptomelic dysplasia |
| Condition in which the bones of the entire extremity are shortened? | Micromelia |
| The sonographic features of achondroplasia may not be evident until after ? gestational weeks | 22 |
| What condition is a rare disorder of collagen production leading to brittle bones? | Osteogenesis imperfecta |
| What is another name for asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia? | Jeune's Syndrome |
| Which of the following anomalies has the ultrasound characteristics of trisomy 18? | Pena-Shokeir syndrome |
| Which term defines the condition in which the proximal bone segments are shortened? | Rhizomelia |
| Fetal tachycardia is defined as a heart rate over ? BPM | 200 |
| The ? forms in the wall of the sinus venosus near its opening into the right atrium | Sinoatrial node |
| What communication allows for blood flow in the fetus between the aorta and pulmonary artery? | Ductus arteriosus |
| What chamber does the foramen ovale open into its utero? | Left atrium |
| What is the first part of the atrial septum to grow from the dorsal wall of the primitive atrium and fuse with the endocardial cushions? | Septum primum |
| What is the normal relationship of the insertion of the tricuspid valve relative to the mitral valve? | Slightly inferior |
| What primitive cardiac structure gives rise to the right ventricle? | Bulbus cordis |
| Indications for which fetal echocardiography is required? | *Fetal heart rate of 100 BPM in second trimester *Immune hydrops *non-immune hydrops (NOT fetal heart rate of 120 BPM in second trimester) |
| In utero, the right heart is ? than the left heart | Slightly larger |
| What benign tumor of the heart is associated with tuberous sclerosis? | Rhabodomyoma |
| This defect occurs when the endocardial cushion fails to fuse in the center of the heart | Atrioventricular septal defect |
| What occurs when a membrane is formed beneath the aortic leaflets and causes left ventricular outflow obstruction? | Subvalvular aortic stenosis |
| A congenital heart lesion in which only one great artery arises from the base of the heart is? | Truncus arteriosus |
| A disease of the myocardial muscle layer of the heart that causes the heart to dilate secondary to regurgitation and also affects cardiac function is? | Cardiomyopathy |
| In this condition, the atria beat more than 400 bpm, whereas the ventricular rate is 120-200 bpm. | Atrial fibrillation |
| A discrete or long segment narrowing in the aortic arch, usually at the level of the left subclavian artery near the insertion of the ductus arterioles is called? | Coarctation of the aorta |
| What term refers to a severe form of congenital mitral stenosis? | Mitral atresia |
| The large ventricular and atrial septal defect with a single, undivided, free-floating leaflet that stretches between both ventricles is called a? | Complete atrioventricular septal defect |
| Which of these is/are caused by extra systoles and ectopic beats? | Premature atrial and ventricular contractions |
| Omphalocele | Midline defect of the abdominal muscles, fascia, and skin that results in herniation of intra-abdominal structures in the base of the umbilical cord. |
| Gastroschisis | Small periumbilical defect that nearly always is located to the right of the umbilicus; opening in the layers of the abdominal wall with evisceration of the bowel and small bowel. |
| Amniotic Band Syndrome | Rupture of the amnion, which leads to entrapment or entanglement of fetal parts by the chorion |
| Bladder and Cloacal Exstrophy | defect in the lower abdominal wall and anterior bladder wall. Cloacal exstrophy is rare and more complex than bladder exstrophy resulting in exstrophy of the bladder in which two hemibladders are separated by intestinal mucosa. |
| Pentalogy of Cantrell | Occurs when a cleft distal sternum, diaphragmatic defect, midline anterior ventral wall defect, apical pericardial defect, and an internal cardiac defect are all present |
| Limb-Body Wall Complex | Anomaly associated with large cranial defects, facial cleft, body wall defects involving the thorax, abdomen or both, and limb defects |
| Situs Inversus | Complete or partial reversal of all abdominal and thoracic cavity organs |
| Pseudoascites | Occurs when a sonolucent band is present near the fetal anterior abdominal wall; noted normally in fetuses over 18 weeks gestation |
| Choledochal Cyst | Dilation of the common bile duct |
| Esophageal Atresia | Congenital blockage of the esophagus resulting from faulty separation of the foregut into its respiratory and digestive components; commonly noted as tracheoesophageal fistula; VACTERL association |
| Duodenal Atresia | Blockage of duodenal lumen by a membrane that prohibits passage of swallowed amniotic fluid |
| Meconium Ileus | Small bowel disorder marked by presence of thick meconium in distal ileum; earliest manifestation of cystic fibrosis |
| Anorectal Atresia | Complex disorder of the bowel and genitourinary tract |
| Meconium Peritonitis | May arise when a fetus has a sterile chemical peritonitis secondary to in utero bowel perforation |
| Hyperechoic Bowel | Subjective impression of unusually echogenic bowel, typically seen in the second trimester |
| Renal Agenesis | Complete absence of one or both kidneys |
| Horseshoe Kidney | Forms when the inferior poles of the kidneys fuse while they are in the pelvis |
| Renal Ectopia | When one kidney migrates to the abdomen while the other remains in the pelvis |
| Infantile Polycystic Kidney Disease (IPKD) | small cysts in both the kidneys and the liver; renal failure will occur leading to a really high mortality rate; many fetuses do not survive to birth and those who do rarely survive the first year of life |
| Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Disease (MDKD) | multiple, smooth-walled, non- functioning, noncommunicating cysts of varying size and number; cysts replace functioning tissue and cause kidney to be non-functional; typically unilateral disease making it survivable. Bilateral = lethal |
| Adult Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) | cystic dilation of the nephrons and on the collecting tubule walls in both kidneys; most common hereditary cystic renal disease; disease does not typically manifest until adulthood |
| Hydronephrosis | Dilation of the renal pelvis in response to blockage of urine at some junction in the urinary system |
| Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction | UPJ obstructions occur at the junction between renal pelvis and ureter |
| Ureterovesical Junction Obstruction | UVJ obstructions occur in the lower end of the ureter near bladder insertion site’ commonly caused by aperistaltic nature of distal ureter |
| Posterior Urethral Valve Obstruction | Presence of an abnormal congenital membrane within the posterior urethr |
| Prune-Belly Syndrome | Recognized by three features: cryptorchidism, agenesis or hypoplasia of abdominal wall muscle, and dilation of the collecting system |
| Ureterocele | Cystic dilation of the intravesical segment of the distal urerter |
| Hydrocele | Accumulation of serous fluid surrounding the testicle(s) in male fetuses |
| Cryptochordism | Failure of testicle(s) to descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotum; this typically happens around month 7 of pregnancy |
| Ambiguous Genitalia | Refers to the sonographic inability to differentiate fetal sex |
| Cardiac Malposition | Occurs when the heart if out of its normal position; know dextrocardia, dextroposition, levocardia, levoposition, mesocardia |
| Cardiomyopathy | Disease of the myocardium; variety of causes |
| Atrial Septal Defects (ASD) | Abnormal communication between the left atrium and right atrium. Three forms: ostium secundum, ostium primum, sinus venosus |
| Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) | Abnormal communication between the left ventricle and right ventricle. Two major types: muscular and membranous |
| Atrioventricular septal defect (AKA endocardial cushion defect) | Abnormality affecting the ostium primum and in rare cases, mitral and tricuspid valves. Classified as, complete, incomplete, or partial |
| Ebstein's Anomaly | Abnormal displacement of septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | Classified when the presence of these 4 defects is found: membranous VSD, anterior aorta, pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy |
| Pulmonic Stenosis | Congenital narrowing of the pulmonary artery either above or below the pulmonic valve |
| Congenital Mitral Stenosis | Occurs when anterior/posterior leaflet development is interrupted; four variants |
| Bicuspid Aortic Valve | Aortic valve with two cusps instead of the normal three’ commonly occurs with coarctation of the aorta |
| Congenital Aortic Stenosis | Congenital narrowing of the above or below of the aortic valve |
| Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome | Severe underdevelopment of left heart leading to essentially a 2-chamber heart |
| Transposition of the Great Arteries | Abnormal condition that exists when the aorta is connected to the RV and the pulmonary artery is connected to the LV. |
| Corrected transposition of the great arteries (now called L-transposition) | RA is connected to morphologic LV and LA is connected to morphologic RV |
Created by:
marissagirl