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criminology
final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| according to ____, crime is a type of social problem rather than the product of the problems. | problem behavior syndrome |
| which is not an antisocial behavior that problem behavior syndrome suggests affects the likelihood of criminal behavior? | family dysfunction |
| what does research show to be a key factor in terms of the early onset of criminality? | poor parental discipline |
| which is not more typical of early-onset girls compared to early-onset boys? | depression |
| the branch of criminology that examines change in a criminal career over the life course is known as: | developmental criminology |
| the foundation of developmental theory can be traced to ____, who researched the life cycle of delinquent careers in the 1930s. | sheldon & eleanor gluek |
| the view that criminality is a dynamic process influenced by a multitude of individual characteristics, traits, and social experiences is known as: | life course theory |
| violent acts designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal are known as ____ violence. | instrumental |
| violent acts that vent rage, anger, or frustration are known as ____ violence. | expressive |
| in her book "guilty by reason of insanity", lewis found that death-row inmates have a history of mental impairment and: | intellectual dysfunction |
| violent behavior that results from a user's attempt to fund a drug habit is known as: | economic compulsive behavior |
| what's the order of how antisocial careers develop? | brutalization, violent acts, virulency |
| ____ describes the process of how abused kids are turned into aggressive adults. | the violentization process |
| violent crimes for minorities are higher bc of high-crime districts which: | increases their risk of exposure of violence |
| because the concept of political crime is highly subjective, people who some label as terrorists may be viewed by others as: | freedom fighters |
| if a political criminal plots to overthrow an existing government and replace it with one that holds views they find more acceptable; we should say that this criminal has ____ as a goal. | revolution |
| which goal of political criminals hopes to conceal conventional criminal motivations behind a mask of conviction and altruism? | pseudo-conviction |
| which is the goal of political criminals motivated by altruism, believe their crimes benefit society, willing to violate law/risk punishment to achieve what they see as social improvement? | conviction |
| political criminals who sell states secrets for personal enrichment or trafficking in stolen arms and munitions have which goal? | profit |
| in the ____ stage of the cognitive process of becoming a political criminal, the individual concludes that the condition is a product of injustice, doesn't apply to everyone | "it's not fair" |
| ____ stage of cognitive process of becoming a political criminal, since the country has let them down it's justified to join a terrorist group/take matters in their own hands | "it's your fault" |
| in the 19th century, these two new forms of theft appeared as a result of changes in society: | train robbery and safecracking |
| criminal acts designed to bring financial reward to an offender are known as: | economic crimes |
| in contrast to occasional thieves, criminals who make significant portion of their income from crime are known as: | professional criminals |
| amateur criminals whose decisions to steal are spontaneous and whose acts are unskilled, unplanned, and haphazard are known as: | occasional criminals |
| the best known account of professional theft is the life of Chic Conwell, in ____ classic book "the professional theft" | Edwin Sutherland |
| professional theft has two parts, 1st limited types of crimes, 2nd: | wits, front, talking ability |
| occasional property crimes occur when there is an opportunity or ____ inducement | situational |
| white collar crime involves illegal activities of people & institutions whose acknowledged purpose is ____ profit through ___ business transactions a. criminal; black market b. black market; violent c. illegal; legitimate d. illegal; illegitimate | illegal; legitimate |
| in the 1930s, Sutherland first used the phrase "white collar crime" to describe the criminal activities of: | the rich and powerful |
| a white collar crime in which a stockbroker makes repeated trades with a client's account in order to fraudulently increase his or her commissions is known as: | churning |
| churning, front running, and bucketing are types of: | securities fraud |
| who is the victim in crimes of influence peddling? | the organization |
| systemic theft of company property by employees is common and is called: | pilferage |
| in1977, congress passed the foreign corrupt practices act, which made it illegal to: | bribe foreign officials |
| acts that are considered illegal because they threaten the general well-being of society & challenge its accepted moral principles are known as: | public order crimes |
| which is a public order crime? | prostitution |
| "victimless crimes", participants are willing & not actually harmed. others think there is no such thing as a victimless crime. who, then, is the victim? | society as a whole |
| Joseph Gusfield argues that the purpose of outlawing immoral acts is to show the ___ of those who condemn the acts over those who partake in them | moral superiority |
| ____ are directed against acts that some people believe threaten the moral fabric of society and are a danger to the public order | moral crusades |
| which topic would not be of particular interest to a moral crusader? | homicide |
| Howard Becker calls individuals who seek to shape the law toward their own way of thinking: | moral entrepreneurs |
| ____ is/are bizarre or abnormal sexual practices involving recurrent sexual urges. | paraphilias |
| which involves rubbing against or touching a non-consenting person in a crowded or public area? | frotteurism |
| sharing files with friends who did not pay for them is an example of: | copyright infringement |
| what belief may sway public opinion & justify the use of IT by law enforcement? | all of these, the belief that there is not much to fear, the belief that IT increases safety, the belief that IT is not invading homes but gathering information |
| why are cybercrimes a challenge for criminologists? | they defy assumptions about the cause of crime |
| which type of cybercrime consists of acts aimed at undermining the social, economic, and political system of an enemy nation? | cyberwar |
| not all instances of computer theft and computer fraud fall under existing statues because the property stolen may be: | intangible |
| what offense involves the perpetrator carefully skimming small sums from the balances of a large number of accounts in order to bypass internal controls and escape detection? | salami fraud |
| cybercrime definition | crimes committed using computers, the internet, or digital technology, such as hacking, identity theft, or online scams |
| theft definition | taking someone else's property without permission and with the internet to keep it |
| non-marital sex definition | sexual activity between people who are not married to each other |
| prostitution definition | the exchange of sexual acs for money, goods, or other compensation |
| income tax evasion | illegally avoiding paying taxes by hiding income, lying on tax forms, or failing to report earnings |
| health care fraud | intentionally deceiving a health insurance company, government program, or medical provider for financial gain such as billing for services never provided |
| car theft | stealing a motor vehicle without the owner's permission |
| treason under the u.s. constitution | levying war against the united states, or giving aid and comfort to its enemies |
| drawn and quartered definition | a historical execution method, mainly used in england for treason, where the condemned person was hanged, disemboweled, and their body divided into parts as punishment |
| latent trait theories | criminology theories suggesting that some people have stable traits (impulsivity, aggression, low self-control) that make them more likely to engage in criminal behavior over time |
| life course theories | criminology theories that examine how criminal behavior changes throughout a person's life, focusing on how age, life events, relationships, and social experiences influence offendin |
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