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exam 1 patho
immune
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Type 1 (IgE / Mast cell) | IgE triggers mast cells → histamine release • Causes itching, swelling, airway constriction allergic reaction |
| type || (antibody-mediated) | Antibodies attack your own cells • Leads to cell destruction body attacks cells directly |
| Type ||| (immune complex ) | Antigen + antibody form complexes that deposit in tissues • Causes inflammation and damage • Example: • Glomerulonephritis (chatgpt://generic-entity?number=4) • Keyword: “complexes get stuck |
| Type IV (delayed T-cell) | Delayed (24–72 hours) • No antibodies — T-cells only • Examples: • Tuberculin skin test • Contact dermatitis • Transplant rejection • Keyword: delayed response |
| Direct extension | infection spreads to nearby tissue |
| Seeding | spreads through blood to distant sites |
| Prodrome | early vague symptoms (fatigue, malaise) |
| Septicemia | bacteria in blood |
| Vasoconstriction | narrowing of blood vessels |
| Gram negative | bacteria with outer membrane (harder to treat, releases toxins) |
| Septic shock | severe infection → low BP + organ failure |
| Hypersensitivity | exaggerated immune response |
| Insecticide | chemical used to kill insects (toxic exposure risk) |
| Formaldehyde | chemical carcinogen (preservative, irritant) |
| Splenomegaly | enlarged spleen |
| Hepatomagely | enlarged liver |
| Contact dermatitis | skin reaction (Type IV) |
| Transplant rejection | immune attack on transplanted organ |
| Hemolytic disease | destruction of red blood cells |
| Pruritus | itching |
| Glomerulonephritis | kidney inflammation |
| H. Pylori | causes ulcers |
| Cellular stress | anything that disrupts balance (low oxygen, toxins, infection) |
| Atrophy | shrink |
| Hypertrophy | grow bigger |
| Chain of infection | Infectious agent 2. Reservoir 3. Portal of exit 4. Transmission 5. Portal of entry 6. Host |
| Sodium (NA) | Water balance • Low = confusion • High = dehydration |
| Potassium (K) | HEART ❤️ • Low = arrhythmias • High = cardiac arrest |
| Calcium (CA) | Bones + muscles • Low = spasms • High = weakness |
| Magnesium (MG) | Neuromuscular control (water) |
| Isotonic | normal |
| Hypotonic | cells swell |
| Hypertonic | cells shrink |
| Diffusion | high → low |
| Osmosis | water moves |
| Active transport | uses ATP |
Created by:
ls99510