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Ist 220
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| FDM | FDM shares the communication channel by allowing full-time access to only part of the communication channel for each circuit. |
| TDM | TDM shares the communication by different circuits, one per each time slot. |
| Guided media technology uses | wires, fibers or other similar mechanisms to send and receive signals. |
| A circuit switched network | Maintains the reserved resources for the entire duration of the communication, whether they are used to the fullest capacity or not |
| A packet switched network | Delivers data on a best-effort basis |
| Physical, Link, and Network | A router processes the following layers (using the 5-layer/Internet protocol stack) when doing its routing function: |
| Link and Physical | A switch processes the following layers (using the Internet/5-Layer model) when doing its switching function: |
| All 5 layers | A host (e.g. server or workstation) processes the following layers (using the 5-layer/Internet Model): |
| Avoid paying Tier 1 ISP fees | Why do many service providers (Google, Netflix, etc) develop their own (global) networks? |
| HTTP | The ____ protocol is what is used to deliver web pages. |
| FTP | The ___ protocol is used to transfer files between hosts. |
| SMTP | The ___ protocol is used to accept electronic mail from users and transfer them between servers: |
| DNS | The ____ protocol is used to translate domain names (like www.microsoft.com) into IP addresses (like 123.200.105.73): |
| File Transfer is ____ data loss, and ____ time sensitive | sensitive to; is not |
| TCP is a connection-oriented transport protocol and as such, provides: | reliable transport between the client and server processes |
| UDP provides unreliable data transfer and therefore | could be a good choice for loss-tolerant video and audio streams |
| A web cache | can be performed at the individual browser level or at the network level |
| The POP3 protocol | functions like a post office box (mailbox) |
| The UDP (User Datagram Protocol) does not provide | reliable data transport |
| In regards to port numbers, TCP and UDP | have the same length port number |
| UDP segments | may be lost |
| UDP is not used for | HTTP - Hypertext Transport Protocol |
| The TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) does not provide for | Point-to-multipoint transmission (One sender, multiple receivers) |
| Synchronization (SYN) | The TCP Segement contains flags (single bit value) for |
| In TCP, the sequence number | Is a measure the number of bytes sent from the sender to the recipient |
| The TCP method of flow control | Is set by the recipient defining a value for the RcvBuffer |
| The TCP 3-way handshake | Sender sends a SYN, Receiver sends a SYNACK, Sender sends an ACK |
| Regarding forwarding and routing... | Forwarding is moving packets from a router's input to outputs; routing is determining the route those packets should take from source to destination |
| A router performs two key functions | A routing algorithm/protocol (RIP, OSPF, BGP) and a forwarding function |
| An IPv4 address has a length of | 32 bits |
| The following is a VALID IPv4 address | 128.118.43.43 |
| How many IP addresses does a router have | ONE PER INTERFACE |
| Devices on different subnets | cannot communicate to each other without a router |
| The CIDR number determines | the number of bits in the subnet portion of the address |
| A host gets its IP address | through DHCP, the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol automatically from a router on the network |
| The DHCP protocol has | Four message types - Discover, Offer, Request and ACK |
| OSPF | An example of an interior gateway protocol (IGP) implementation would be: |
| BGP | This routing protocol advertises routes between autonomous systems and its subnets: |
| A link-state algorithm: | Requires an entire map of the network before routing tables can be shared |
| A MAC address is | a data link layer addresses |
| CSMA/CD | Short for carrier sense multiple access with collision detection. It is the method for multiple hosts to communicate on a Ethernet. |
| Token ring protocol | network nodes pass the token and only transmit data when they have the token |
| Address Resolution Protocol | matches and links MAC addresses to IP addresses |
| A MAC address | is 48 bits long |
| an ARP request | is sent to all nodes on a local network via a broadcast frame |
| Sending an IP packet to a node on another network | the destination IP address is the IP address of the final destination the destination MAC address is the router's MAC address requires a router |
| Ethernet can be | both star and bus topologies |
| A switch builds and maintains | switch forwarding table - a list of all MAC addresses on each network segment |
| Two types of wireless network technologies include all below except | 3G/4G that provides up to 100 Mbps worth of bandwidth |
| In ad-hoc mode | nodes communicate to other nodes directly |
| In an infrastructure mode wireless network | hosts communicate only to the base station (wireless AP) |
| Wireless links are different from wired links | they have decrease signal strength over distance and through matter wireless signals can reflect off of the ground and other objects the suffer from interference from other wireless noise generators |
| The following are correct matches to wifi standards except | The 802.11a range uses 2.4 GHz range and up to 11 Mbps |
| In 802.11, the wireless network SSID | is broadcast in a beacon frame |
| In the United States, 802.11 wireless uses | 11 channels in the 2.4 to 2.485 GHz spectrum |
| Personal Area Networks include all except | 802.11p |
| the following things can interfere with an 802.11 network transmission | cordless telephone microwave oven steel and concrete walls |
| The following are types of multi-media networking applications except | text messaging and web page downloads (live, real-time texting and data transfer) |
| Streaming video has the main issue of | variable network delays such as jitter, requiring buffering at the client/receiver end |
| Content distribution networks | resolve the problems of streaming stored content out to lots of simultaneous users by using distributed servers |
| Voice over IP (VoIP) telephony services | need end-to-end delay of <150 ms |
| For multimedia On TCP/IP networks, | the Real Time Protocol (RTP) runs on top of the UDP transport protocol, which determines packet structure, time stamping and sequencing |
| The SIP protocol | is a protocol standard for real-time telephony over the Internet |
| When combining mutlimedia over a network | bursty data traffic can interfere with multimedia traffic, even if the multimedia only needs a very small amount of bandwidth |
| For Skype calls | a central Skype server handles login and supernodes (SNs) share IP addresses of users |
| Multimedia networking generally uses the UDP protocol | but UDP is often blocked by default firewall configuration for security reasons |
| Host | A term for an end system like a workstation, computer, smartphone or a server. |
| Protocol | A ______ defines the format, order and content of messages sent and received by network entities. |
| Edge | The network _____ includes hosts like clients and servers. |
| Core | The network _____ includes routers that are interconnected networks of networks. |
| Name two of the most common ACCESS network technologies provided by companies like Verizon and Comcast. | Cable Modem and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) |
| Packet Loss | Packet arrival at a router when link and buffer capacity are exceeded results in ________. |
| Throughput (or bandwidth) | The rate at which a transmission link sends/receives data is _______ and is measured in (mega or giga) bits/second. |
| These two protocols provide for the transmission of electronic mail from a server to a client. | POP3 IMAP |
| UDP | This transport layer protocol does not provide for retransmission or flow control |
| ACKnowledgment | The TCP protocol requires that the recipient send a _____ to notify the sender that it has received the data |
| Bytes | In TCP, the SEQuence number is related to the number of ______ sent. |
| Buffer Space | In TCP, flow control is accomplished by the RECEIVER notifying the SENDER how much _____ space it has available in the rwnd value field. |
| 3-way handshake Sender sends a SYN Receiver sends SYN-ACK Sender sends an ACK | During the connection setup phase of TCP, the sender and receiver initiate the connection via a _____ way handshake. Describe the parts of the handshake. |
| This HTTP Response Code means that the server processed the request and is sending back the answer | 200 ok |
| 404 not found | This HTTP Response Code means that the server was unable to find the resource requested |
| 304 Not Modified | This HTTP Response code means that the requested resource has not changed since the date/time provided. For a bonus, explain how this is used in caching |
| 301 Moved Permanently | This HTTP Response Code is provided if the resource has been relocated to a difference place |
| 418 I'm a teapot | This silly HTTP Response Code is provided if the resource is, indeed, a teapot |
| Application Layer | This layer includes the programs that manage end-user communication |
| Network Layer | This layer of the protocol stack includes IP Addresses, routers and routing protocols |
| Data Link (or just Link) Layer | This is the layer of the protocol stack that includes MAC addresses, network cards, and switches |
| Transport Layer | This layer manages the host-to-host connection, reliable data delivery, in-order packet delivery and re-transmission |
| Physical Layer | This layer includes all of the actual signal transmission (LED/LASER over fiber, EM transmission over wifi, signal transmission over the wire) |
| Half-duplex Full-duplex | With ______, only one side can transmit. With ________, both sides can transmit at the same time. |
| CIDR | Slash notation for networks, for example "/24" |
| Intra-AS | Routing among hosts, in the same AS is _________ routing |
| Inter-AS | Routing among AS'es is _________ routing |
| Link State | In ______ algorithms, all routers have complete topology. |
| Distance Vector | In ______ algorithms, router only knows physically connected neighbors. |
| Dijkstra's algorithm | OSPF uses a link-state algorithm called ________ algorithm |
| Bellman-Ford | RIP uses a distance vector algorithm called ________ algorithm |
| Broadcast MAC ARP, D in DHCP | What is FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF, and when would it be used? |
| Network address | For a network of 192.168.1.0/24, what is: 192.168.1.0 |
| Broadcast address | For a network of 172.16.0.0/12, what is: 172.31.255.255 |
| Who the manufacturer is | In a MAC address, what do the first 3 bytes represent? |
| Name the non-routable private IPv4 CIDR ranges, including link-local. There are 5 total networks | 10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0.0/12 192.168.0.0/16 127.0.0.0/8 169.254.0.0/16 |
| A MAC Address has ____ bits (Ethernet/802.11) | 48 |
| The MAC Address is assigned by | Manufacturer |
| Describe how a switch knows which MAC addresses are attached to which ports | Builds a switching table automatically... but describe how it works |
| Describe how the ARP protocol works | Node does not know the MAC address for an associated IP address Node sends ARP request to the broadcast Ethernet address All devices receive this request The IP owner replies back with an ARP reply |
| Explain the difference between a hub, a switch and a router in terms of the OSI or TCP/IP Data Model | Hub - Layer 1 - repeats electric signal Switch - Layer 2 - only sends data to the MAC addresses as required Router - Layer 3 - determines the route to the destination and sends the data there. |
| An IPv4 address contains _____ bits and is generally formatted ______ | 32 bits, and is formatted as four octets, separated by dots " . ". E.g. 130.203.151.88 |
| The following devices process "network layer" information: Hubs, Switches, Routers, or Hosts | C. Routers and D. Hosts |
| The ______ algorithm is the determination of the end-to-end path that data should take. This process results in the creation of a ______ table. | Routing Algorithm Creates the Forwarding Table |
| The forwarding process uses the forwarding table | ______ is the process of moving packets from a router's input to the appropriate output. It uses the ______ table. |
| OSPF on the internal routers OSPF and BGP on the External Routers | In the design a simplified network that has several internal routers, and more than one external connection to the Internet... Describe which routing algorithms run on each router. |
| Multipath propagation is Multipath propagation is | A problem in wireless where reflection of radio waves off objects creating signal arrival at slightly different times |
| Define Jitter in terms of the network | Jitter is the result of variable network delay |
| Buffering | ____ is the method of storing and delaying playout of audio and video to compensate for network delay and jitter |
| DASH: Dynamic, Adaptive Streaming over HTTP | This multi-media protocol is used to manage audio/video at different bitrates from a streaming media server (like YouTube) using TCP |
| TLS (or SSL) | This protocol is used to secure website traffic between a client and a server. It uses public key crypto to establish the connection and symmetric key crypto for bulk communication. |
| Examples of wireless hosts include | Laptops, smart phones, desktop computers |
| A wireless base station can include either | Wireless access point or cell tower |
| This wireless standard has a range of 10-30m and bandwidth of up to 54 Mbps | 802.11g |
| This wireless standard has a range of up to 20 km and a bandwidth of about 10 Mbps | 4G LTE/WiMAX |
| These three common issues prevent wireless signal transmission and reception | Signal strength Interference Multipath propagation |
| SIP or H.323 | Voice over IP generally uses one of these two protocols |
| 44,100 | Audio signals are sampled for CD-quality sound at ____ samples per second |
| 64 kbits/second | If a signal is sampled at 8,000 samples per second and uses 256 quantized values, how many bits per second is required to transmit it? |
| 400ms | Bi-directional (conversational) voice/video needs to have a delay no more that _____ milliseconds |
| UDP (Transport) And Real-Time Protocol RTP (Application) | The _____ transport layer protocol and _____ application layer protocol are used for real-time multi-media |
| Confidentiality Integrity Availability | The three goals of security are represented by the letters C-I-A |
| Two 1 Private Key 1 Public Key | Public Key Encryption uses ___ keys per person/entity |
| One Key used for encryption and decryption | Symmetric Key Encryption uses ___ keys between a sender and receiver that is used for _____ |
| 56 bit key 64 bit block of plaintext | The DES encryption standard uses ___ bit key and a ___ bit block |
| AES - Advanced Encryption Standard | This encryption standard is a block cipher over a 128 bit plaintext input and can use a 128, 192 or 256 bit key |
| A modern crypto system relies on | mathematical methods that are impossible to crack without long periods of time |
| We must assume that Trudy can do all of these except | know Bob or Alice's private key |
| A certificate authority (CA) | binds a public key (certificate) to an entity (user) |
| SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) | provides a secure API between the application layer and transport layer |
| A VPN (Virtual Private Network) | Uses protocols like IPSec to provide security at the network layer |
| WEP (wired equivalency protocol) | Is a flawed security protocol that was poorly designed |
| A firewall | isolates an organization's internal network from the larger internet |
| Access control lists (ACLs) | are rules configured by network administrators that firewalls use to determine what traffic is allowed |
| Intrusion detection systems | conduct deep packet inspection to alert on potentially harmful traffic |
| Request for Comments (RFC) | documents are how standards and protocols are defined and published for all to see on the IETF website. |
| Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | A group of volunteers, private citizens, government officials, etc. who promote internet standards |
| Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) | A high-speed direct Internet connection that uses all-digital networks. |
| Cable Networks | Shared internet connection. Uses FDM. |
| Circuit Switched Network | a type of network in which the nodes communicate by first establishing a dedicated channel between them |
| Packet Switched Network | The type of network in which relatively small units of data are routed through a network based on the destination address contained within each datagram.(FDM/TDM) |
| Throughput | rate at which bits transferred between sender/reciever |
| Bottleneck | link on the end-end path that contains end-end throughput |
| Internet Protocol Stack | Application Transport Network Link Physical (A teen never likes porn!) |
| Application Layer | Supporting network applications (FTP, SMTP, HTTP) |
| Transport Layer | process-process data transfer (TCP, UDP) |
| Network Layer | Routing of datagrams (IP, Routing protocols) Control and Data Plane |
| Link layer | Data transfer between neighboring network elements (Ethernet, 820.11, PPP) |
| Physical Layer | bits "On the wire" |
| ISO/OSI Model | Application Presentation Session Transport Network Link Physical |
| Presentation Layer | Allow applications to interpret meaning of data, e.g., encryption, compression, machine-specific conventions |
| Session | Synchronization check pointing, recovery of data exchange |
| Sockets (ports) | process sends/receives messages to/from its socket |
| Constant bit rate (CBR) | video encoding rate fixed |
| Variable bit rate (VBR) | video encoding rate changes as amount of spatial, temporal coding changes |
| Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) | An adaptive bitrate streaming technique that enables high quality streaming of media content over the Internet delivered from conventional HTTP web servers. |
| Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) | A geographically distributed network of proxy servers and their data centers. |
| Multiplexing | handling data from multiple sockets, add transport header (later used for multiplexing) |
| Demultiplexing | user header info to deliver received segments to correct socket |
| Routing | Control Plane |
| Forwarding | Data Plane |
| Classless Inter Domain Routing | A way to allow more flexible allocation of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses than was possible with the original system of IP address classes. |
| Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol | A client/server protocol that automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other related configuration information such as the subnet mask and default gateway. |
| IPv6 datagram carried as payload | Tunneling |
| Open Shortest Path First | An interior gateway routing protocol developed for IP networks based on the shortest path first or link-state algorithm. Bellman-Ford Algorithm |
| Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) | A core routing protocol that bases routing decisions on the network path and rules. |
| Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) | A TCP/IP protocol that is used by devices to communicate updates or error information to other devices. |
| Bellman-Ford Algorithm | Distance-vector protocol is also known as what? |
| Inter-autonomous system routing | A term used in Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) that refers to the ability to provide routing between autonomous systems. |
| Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) | A routing protocol designed to be used to exchange routing information inside a single autonomous system. |
| Link State Routing | A routing method that floods routing information to all routers within a network to build and maintain a more complex network route database. |
| Distance Vector Routing | router keeps a table showing the distance (in hops) to all other routers. based on bellman ford |
| Dijkstra's algorithm | an algorithm used in calculating the shortest path between an origin node and other destination nodes in a network (Link-State |
| Software Defined Networking (SDN) | using a central control program separate from network devices to manage the flow of data on a network |
| Half Duplex | Communication between two devices whereby transmission takes place in only one direction at a time. |
| Full Duplex | Communication that happens in two directions at the same time. |
| CSMA/CD | CSMA with collision detection |
| CSMA (carrier sense multiple access) | protocol where nodes check a shared medium (listen) for traffic before transmitting to avoid data collisions. |
| CSMA/CA | Short for carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance. It is used as a method for multiple hosts to communicate on a wireless network and AppleTalk. |
| DOCSIS | Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specification |
| Wireless vs. Wired | decreased signal strength ,interference from other sources ,multi path propagation |
| Hidden Terminal Problem | signals from the different machines are blocked from each other by objects or distance even though they can all communicate with the central AP. |
| 54 Mbps - 5 GHz | 802.11a |
| 11 Mbps, 2.4 GHz | 802.11b |
| 54 Mbps, 2.4 GHz | 802.11g |
| 802.11n | ____ may use either the 2.4-GHz or 5-GHz frequency range. |
| 5GHz 1300mbps | 802.11ac |
| Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) | a standard security technology for establishing an encrypted link between a web server and a browser, ensuring that all data passed between them remain private |
| Transport Layer Security (TLS) | A protocol based on SSL 3.0 that provides authentication and encryption, used by most servers for secure exchanges over the Internet. |
| IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) | A set of open, non-proprietary standards that you can use to secure data as it travels across the network or the Internet through data authentication and encryption. |
| Security Association (SA) | This generates the encryption and authentication keys that are used by IPsec. |
| Internet Key Exchange (IKE) | Internet Key Exchange (IKE) |
| NAT | The process where a network device, usually a firewall, assigns a public address to a computer (or group of computers) inside a private network. The main use of NAT is to limit the number of public IP addresses an organization or company must use, |
| MPLS | Multiprotocol Label Switching. |
| IP Routing | Defines how an IP packet can be delivered from the host at which the packet is created to the destination host. |
| VLAN | Virtual local area network. A VLAN can logically group several different computers together, or logically separate computers, without regard to their physical location. It is possible to create multiple VLANs with a single switch. |
| FIN | Signal send in TCP connection to close the connection. |
| Ethernet | Dominant wired LAN technology. Very cheap and simple. Two types: bus and star. |
| FDMA | Frequency Division Multiple Access. |
| TDMA | Time Division Multiple Access uses time division multiplexing to divide each cellular channel into three sub channels to service three users at a time. |
| Multiple Access Protocol | Distributed algorithm that determines how nodes share channel, i.e., determine when node can transmit. |
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