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PBH220 Final
Exam 2 really
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Inflammation | The body’s local vascular and cellular response to injury caused by exogenous or endogenous factors that invades and injures the body |
| Acute Inflammation | Conditions are severe and sudden in onset, but last a short time. Accumulation of neutrophils within injured area, which is a type of WBC (has nucleus) Signs - Leukocytosis (high WBC count, ex - increase in leukocytes), fever |
| Chronic inflammation | Develop slowly and may worsen over an extended period of time Lymphocytes & macrophages predominate cellular response Clinically distinctive features - Infiltrate of lymphocytes, low number of macrophages, occasional antibody-producing plasma cells |
| Inflammation | Exists as a part of almost ALL chronic diseases, low grade immune response that damages healthy tissues, organs, and DNA over months/years |
| Innate immune response | Mechanism of nonspecific first response to pathogens, toxins, pollutants, and inhalants Type of immune response involved in inflammation |
| Claude Bernard “Soil” | Disease results from poor “Inner world” of body systems functioning to maintain a constant internal environment Later switched up and added that the seed/outside also plays a role, but inner world is more important |
| Louis Pasteur “Seed” | Diseases mainly results from external threats (“seed”) to the well-being of the organism – body's responses would be relatively unimportant Made Bernard include a part of disease |
| Current disease perspective | Disease is also due to failure of body to maintain equilibrium (“soil”), not just the seed that matters but ALSO soil With incr recognition that diseases stem from harmful interactions b/w heredity & environment or genetics, theory proven correct |
| Homeostasis | Tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain equilibrium, usually by a system of feedback controls |
| Allostasis | Internal parameters are varied in order to appropriately match them to external stressors Too much = allostatic load |
| Integrative medicine | Alternative methods to treatment, typically focus on balancing the body, mind, and spirit EX - Acupuncture, herb medicine, yoga, ayurveda, diet |
| Equilibrium | Bone remodeling Body temperature Blood flows/pressure Many more “variables” depend on complex coordination by the brain Parasympathic nervous system, endocrine, and immune; all body systems working together Brain regulates these processes |
| Long terms effects of allostatic load | Hypertension, weaker immune system, When brain cannot resolve uncertainty Long term effect of continuously activated stress response Results in accelerated disease progression |
| Negative feedback loops | Most homeostatic control mechanisms, changes the variable back to its original state or “ideal value.” Reduces output Ex - Control of blood sugar |
| Positive feedback loop | Output enhances original stimulus. whereas negative feedback mechanisms inhibit it Ex - childbirth & blood clotting |
| Endemic disease | Consistently present at a baseline level within a specific region |
| Epidemic disease | Sudden outbreak or spike in cases above normal levels within a specific, limited population |
| Pandemic disease | An epidemic that has spread globally or across multiple continents Frequency are increasing over time Overpopulation, poverty, habitat destruction are contributing Recent examples - COVID-19, Ebola (2013-16), and Swine flu (2009–2010) |
| IHR - international health regulations | Prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to international spread of disease in ways that are proportional w/ & restricted to public health risks, & avoid unnecessary interference w/ international traffic & trade |
| World bank | Multilateral financing mechanism dedicated to strengthening critical pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response (PPR) capacities and capabilities in low & middle income countries Thru investments & tech supp @ national, regional, and global lvls |
| Pandemics | Contributing factors are Overpopulation, poverty, habitat destruction |
| Four phases of WHO’s response to a pandemic | 1) Interpandemic phase 2) Alert phase 3) Pandemic phase 4) Transition phase |
| Interpandemic phase | Support emergency risk management capacity dvlpmnt Describes time b/w pandemics and focuses on monitoring |
| Alert phase | Conduct global risk assessment and provide advice to member states Signals a significant increase in pandemic risk |
| Pandemic phase | Scale response as indicated by global risk assessment, declare pandemics, and provide continued support to affected member states Declared when virus spreads internationally |
| Transition phase | Scale response as indicated by global risk assessment After pandemic peaks & begins to subside |
| Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) | daily pill or bi-monthly/yearly injection taken to prevent HIV infection No vaccine but progress toward Prevention of HIV/AIDS |
| Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) | Daily medication/treatment to reduce HIV |
| AIDS | HIV develops into its final stage, super deadly and hard to treat |
| HIV/AIDS | Populations at greatest risk are Prisoners, young women in eastern and southern Africa, female sex workers, injecting drug users, gay men, transgender people |
| Isolation | Public health bioterrorism strategy separation of patients with a communicable disease from non-infected individuals, preventing transmission of infection to others and allowing focused care |
| Prophylaxis | Public health bioterrorism strategy medical intervention to prevent disease; antibiotics and antivirals are chemoprophylactics (medications), and vaccines are referred to as immunoprophylactics |
| CVD | Risk factors are Physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, poor diet |
| CVD | Leading cause of death in the US and globally |
| Coronary heart disease | Most common CVD Coronary arteries supply O2 to the muscles of the heart. If a coronary artery is blocked, heart tissue without blood will quickly die |
| World Health Organization’s Health System Building Blocks | Service delivery, health workforce, information, medication products, financing, leadership, access, coverage Overall goals - improved health, responsiveness, social and financial risk protection, improved efficiency |
| Cancer | Genetics drive transformation of somatic cells into cancerous ones thru mutation External risk factors include UV, tobacco/smoking, diet |
| Cancer | 50% of cases of cancer can be prevented by avoidance of risk factors 2nd leading cause of death in the US and one of the leading causes of death globally Most deaths in Asia |
| Cancer | Low screening, lack of infrastructure, financial constraints, limited workforce Barriers in low income countries |
| Covid-19 (American Cancer Society and CDC data) | Disrupted cancer care, leading to sharp decrease in screenings and decline in survival rates |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr