Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
clinchem final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| total protein reference interval | 6.4-8.3 g/dL |
| albumin reference interval | 3.5-5.1 g/dL |
| globulin reference interval | 2.0-3.0 g/dL |
| CSF proteins reference interval | 15-45 mg/dL |
| A/G ratio reference interval | 1.0-1.8 |
| hemoglobin A1c reference interval | 4-6% |
| cholesterol reference interval | 140-200 mg/dL |
| triglycerides reference interval | 60-150 mg/dL |
| HDL-C reference interval | 40-75 mg/dL |
| LDL-C reference interval | 50-130 mg/dL |
| the angle of measurement for the turbidimeter is | 180 |
| the angle of measurement for the nephelometer is | 90 |
| nephelometry is used to measure | antigen-antibody reactions |
| a major problem in fluorometry is | quenching (loss of fluorescence due to other substances) sensitivity to pH and temperature |
| When analytes are measured by changes in current, the methodology is called | amperometry |
| the densitometer measures | the density of separated components in electrophoresis |
| what lamp produces high intensity ultraviolet radiation? | deuterium |
| the purpose of polarization in fluorometry is to | eliminate stray light |
| turbidimeter measures | the light transmitted through a turbid solution |
| as the concentration increases, boiling point ____________, freezing point ____________, vapor pressure _____________ and osmotic pressure _____________. | boiling point increases freezing point decreases vapor pressure decreases osmotic pressure increases |
| a spectrophotometer measures | transmitted light with a tungsten or UV lamp using prism or diffraction grating |
| arrangements of components | light source --> monochromator --> cuvette --> detector --> readout |
| potassium ion selective electrode | valinomycin |
| sodium ion selective electrode | silicate in glass |
| CO2 ion selective electrode | severinghaus |
| oxygen ion selective electrode | clarke |
| turbidimeter vs nephelometer | operate at the same angle (90*) nephelometer measures scattered light |
| which source lamp is preferred for UV wavelengths? | deuterium |
| differences in RNA from DNA | ribose replaces deoxyribose as sugar uracil replaces thymine as a pyrimidine base RNA is single stranded |
| polarized light travels | in a single plane |
| colligative properties | are affected by the number of particles in the solution |
| DNA is ___________ to RNA and RNA is ____________ to proteins | transcribed; translated |
| coulometry | a technique in which the quantity of analyte is determined by measuring the number of coulombs needed for complete electrolysis |
| fluorometer measures | fluorescent emission from a sample |
| stokes shift | difference between peak excitation and peak emission |
| line vs band spectra | line - light emission only at specific wavelengths band - consists of closely spaced lines forming bands |
| freezing point osmometer principle | By measuring how much the freezing point is lowered, the instrument calculates the osmolarity or osmolality of the solution |
| vapor pressure osmometer principle | The instrument measures the change in vapor pressure, which is directly proportional to the number of solute particles in the solution |
| potentiometry measures | the electrical potential (voltage) of a solution relative to a reference electrode, without drawing any current. |
| calomel vs silver/silver chloride electrodes | calomel - Hg/HgCl; dependable, large + bulky, affected by temp silver/silver chloride - more compact, handles temp better, faster |
| prozone vs postzone | prozone - excess antibody postzone - excess antigen |
| affinity vs avidity | affinity - single interactions avidity - multiple interactions |
| non competitive immunoassay forms a | sandwich with labeled and unlabeled antibodies and patient antigen as the meat in the middle |
| immunodiffusion immunoassay | Antigen and antibody diffuse in a gel and form a precipitin line at the zone of equivalence |
| dose hook effect leads to | false negatives |
| mediums used for electrophoresis | Agarose Gel Polyacrylamide Gel (PAGE) Cellulose Acetate or Paper Capillary Electrophoresis |
| stationary vs mobile phase | Stationary phase: A solid or liquid fixed in place. Mobile phase: A liquid or gas that moves through the stationary phase |
| hybridization assays | Single stranded DNA from different sources are reannealed |
| southern vs western blot | southern blot - DNA western blot - protein |
| prealbumin function + clinical significance | transport protein for thyroxine, triiodothyronine and retinol sensitive marker of poor nutritional status |
| albumin functions to | maintain plasma COP |
| α1-Antitrypsin function + clinical significance | serum trypsin inhibitor + acute phase reactant with antiprotease activity emphysema or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| alpha fetoprotein (AFP) function + clinical significance | principle fetal protein neural tube defects: spina bifida + anencephaly |
| haptoglobin (Hg) | acute phase reactant + binds free hemoglobin |
| ceruloplasmin | comprises 95% serum copper |
| α₂-Macroglobin | protease inhibitor of trypsin, pepsin, thrombin, and plasmin |
| transferrin (TRF) | transports iron |
| complement proteins | cascade system of 30+ glycoproteins --> humoral immunity + inflammation |
| Of the 5 fractions of total protein, which fraction value typically does not reach adult levels until 10-16 years of age? | gamma |
| The Kjeldahl technique for measuring total protein is based on the assumption that _____ % of protein is ______ | 16 nitrogen |
| The reagent in the Biuret method contains | copper (II) ions |
| What is the charge of a cathode? | negative |
| Wilson’s disease | associated with ceruloplasmin deficiency --> copper buildup |
| polypeptides | contains six to thirty amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| Phenylketonuria | phenylalanine accumulates in the plasma due to an enzyme deficiency |
| Patients who are severely dehydrated might show _______ total protein, ______ albumin, and ______ globulins | all increased |
| Alkaptonuria is an inherited disorder in which | there is an enzyme deficiency in the tyrosine metabolic pathway homogentisic acid accumulates in blood and appears in urine the urine darkens upon standing |
| what pH is used for serum protein electrophoresis so that all serum proteins will have a net positive charge | 8.6 |
| specimen considerations for total protein | serum preferred over plasma non-fasting avoid hemolysis |
| refractometry | measurement of refractive index due to solutes in serum |
| Decreased protein concentration is typically seen with | kidney damage, extensive bleeding, and malnutrition |
| deamination | The breaking off of an amino group (with its nitrogen) from an amino acid |
| Patients with a monclonal gammopathy would show ______ total protein, ______ albumin, and ____ globulins. | increased total protein normal albumin increased globulins |
| The protein that is found in the plasma but not in serum is | fibrinogen |
| CEA is a marker for | colon cancer |
| CA 125 is a marker for | ovarian or endometrial cancer |
| IgG is capable of | crossing the placenta |
| The protein that is found in the greatest quantity in the plasma is | albumin |
| Proteins that are important in diagnosis of myocardial infarction are | myoglobin and troponin |
| With SPE, haptoglobin migrates to the ______ fraction | Alpha 2 |
| The buffer used in serum protein electrophoresis using cellulose acetate plates has a pH which is more ___________ than the pI of 7.7 | basic |
| The reference method for measuring proteins is the | Kjeldahl method |
| Cna hemolysis cause false elevation in the alpha1 and beta fractions? | No |
| Immunoglobulins are produced in the | b lymphs |
| Which method of protein measurement requires a conversion factor of 6.25 for converting nitrogen to protein | Kjeldahl technique |
| Total protein levels are _______ at birth reach adult levels by age __, and are slightly _________ with age | increased; 3; decreased |
| Patients showing inadequate diet or malnutrition would show _______ total protein, ______ albumin, and _______ globulins. | decreased total protein and albumin normal globulins |
| Hypoproteinemia is found in cases o | nephrotic syndrome |
| Which is the correct order of the five major protein classes in order of migration from the anode to the cathode? | albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, gamma |
| The biuret reaction occurs between copper ions in alkaline solution and | carbonyl and amine groups of the peptide bond |
| bromescol green and purple are used for _________ analysis | albumin |
| The purpose of the acetic acid rinse of the cellulose acetate plate is to | Destain the background of the plates |
| protein levels in hyper and hypoproteinemia | hypo - <6.5 mg/dL hyper - >8.3 mg/dL |
| glycolysis | breakdown of glucose for energy |
| gluconeogenesis | creation of glucose from a non carb source |
| lipogenesis | production of fatty acids from carbs |
| glycogenesis | conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage |
| glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
| insulin | Beta cells of the pancreas; decreases blood glucose |
| glucagon | alpha cell of the pancreas; increases blood glucose |
| epinephrine does what to insulin secretion? | inhibits it |
| what are ketones and what are they made up of? | incompletely metabolized fatty acids; 2% acetone, 20% acetoacetic acid, 78% B-Hydroxybutyric acid |
| type 1 vs type 2 diabetes | type 1: insulin dependent + juvenile onset; polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, ketoacidosis type 2: insulin independent + adult onset; fatigue, polydipsia, polyuria |
| the glucose oxidase method is subject to interference from __________________, which can cause falsely ___________ results | oxidizing agents; increased |
| Mutarose is added to the glucose oxidase reagent in order to | convert alpha to beta |
| What product is measured in the hexokinase glucose method? | NADPH/ NADH |
| whole blood glucose levels are _____________ than serum or plasma | about 15% lower |
| the end product of glycolysis is | pyruvic acid |
| what additive is used for glucose testing? | sodium fluoride -- prevents glycolysis |
| what is the test does for glucose tolerance test? | 75 gm for adults 1.75 gm per kg for kids |
| von gierke disease | glucose-6-phosphate deficiency --> glycogen can't occur, leading to a buildup of glycogen in the liver |
| endogenous pathway | metabolism of VLDL to LDL |
| exogenous pathway | metabolism of chylomicrons that transport dietary triglycerides from the intestine to hepatic or peripheral cells to be stored for energy |
| reverse cholesterol pathway | HDL removes cholesterol from tissues and esterifies it and takes it to the liver for disposal |
| Apo A-I | major structural protein; activates LCAT |
| Apo A-II | primarily in HDL; activates hepatic lipase; inhibits LCAT |
| Apo B 48 | in chylomicrons, formed by 100 in intestinal epithelium |
| Apo B 100 | major LDL protein; binds LDL receptor |
| Apo C-I | activates LCAT |
| Apo C-II | activates lipoprotein lipase |
| Apo C-III | inhibits lipoprotein lipase |
| Cholesterol is eliminated in | bile |
| what lipid should not be present in a fasting profile? | chylomicrons |
| what two notable side effects of cholesterol lowering drugs which act to block intestinal absorption of cholesterol | myositis and hepatotoxicity |
| friedwald formula | LDL = (total cholesterol) - (HDL + TG/5) |
| a creamy layer over clear serum is going to be present when | there are chylomicrons present |
| Would low-density lipoproteins would be on the bottom layer of serum after ultracentrifugation? | no |
| hyperlipoproteinemia can be caused by | diabetes, alcoholism, and pancreatitis |
| Which apoprotein is inversely related to risk for coronary heart disease? | Apoprotein A-I |
| what are the desirable levels for lipid levels per NCEP guidelines? | total cholesterol: <200 mg/dL HDL: <60 mg/dL LDL: <100 mg/dL triglycerides: <150 mg/dL |
| specimen considerations for lipid testing | patient position/ posture --> decreased when laying down don't leave tourniquet on too long --> stasis serum preferred analyze the day collected, but can also last for 4 days when kept at 4*C |
| In the enzymatic analysis of cholesterol, cholesterol esters are converted to free cholesterol by | cholesterol esterase |
| Exogenous triglycerides are found primarily in the | chylomicrons |
| VLDL = | triglycerides/ 5 |
| General term for hardening of the arteries due to a variety of reasons is | arteriosclerosis |
| The form of cholesterol that is deposited underneath the arteries in arteriosclerosis is | LDL |
| In lipoprotein metabolism, chylomicrons interact with proteoglycans on the surface of capillaries during | exogenous pathway |
| Cholesterol other than HDL cholesterol may be precipitated from patient's serum by addition of | magnesium plus dextran sulfate |
| The function of the major lipid components of the very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) is to transport | endogenous triglycerides |
| A small amount of cholesterol can be transformed to ________________ in the skin with irradiation from sunlight. | vitamin D |
| Tangiers Disease is marked by a hereditary deficiency of | HDL, leading to cholesterol buildup |
| Which two enzymes are used in the enzymatic determination of cholesterol? | cholesterol esterase and oxidase |
| Lipoprotein (a) or LP (a), is significant when elevated in serum because it | independent risk factor for atherosclerosis |
| The single leading cause of death and disability in the United States is __________________ | arteriosclerosis |
| Which apolipoprotein is found with LDL? | Apo B |
| Serum cholesterol is approximately _____% esterified | 65 |
| In enzymatic methods for the determination of cholesterol, the cholesterol oxidase enhances the conversion of cholesterol to cholest-4-en-3-en-one-and Option A | peroxidase |
| List a stain used for proteins with electrophoresis | Ponceau S |
| The intracellular enzyme which facilitates the esterification conversion of cholesterol lecithin cholesterol inside the cells | lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) |
| Cholesterol lowering drugs classified as 'statins' function to: | sequester cholesterol in intestines to block absorption |
| Turbidity in serum suggests elevation of which lipid? | triglycerides |
| The hyperlipoproteinemias are classified into five types by | fredrickson classification |
| Lp (a) is structurally similar to | plasminogen |
| homocysteine is supplied by | the diet |
| trinder reaction uses | peroxidase to oxidize H2O2 |
| The Kodak dry chemistry method (or any autoanalyzer method) for measuring bilirubin in amniotic fluid (or from plasma) could use________ as an accelerator | caffeine and sodium benzoate |
| In the Jendrassik-Grof method for the determination of serum bilirubin concentration, quantitation is obtained by measuring the purple color of: | azobilirubin |
| In the Evelyn-Malloy method for the determination of bilirubin, the reagent that is reacted with bilirubin to form a purple azobilirubin is | diazotized sulfanilic acid |
| Gout is a pathological condition that is characterized by the accumulation of __________ in joints and body tissues | uric acid |
| What wavelength of light would most likely be found in an incubator in the premature nursery? | 440 nm |
| Urea composes approximately ____% of the total non-protein nitrogenous substances in the plasma. | 45 |
| The color development in the creatinine method is due to the complexing of creatinine with | alkaline picrate |
| In the liver, bilirubin is converted to | bilirubin diglucuronide |
| A compound normally found in the urine that may be used to best assess the completeness of a 24-hour urine collection is | creatinine |
| A critically ill patient becomes comatose. The physician believes the coma is due to hepatic failure. The assay most helpful in assessment of the cause of the coma is | ammonia |
| urea reference intervals | 6-20 mg/dL for plasma/serum 12-20 g/day for urine |
| uric acid reference interval | men: 3.5-7.2 mg/dL women: 2.6-6.0 mg/dL |
| creatinine reference interval | men: 0.9-1.2 mg/dL women: 0.6-1.1 mg/dL |
| ammonia reference interval | adults: 19-60 mg/dL kids: 68-136 mg/dL |
| total bilirubin reference range conjugated unconjugated | total --> 0.2 - 1.0 mg/dL conjugated --> 0.0 - 0.2 mg/dL unconjugated --> 0.2-0.8 mg/dL |
| Berthelot's reaction produces | indophenol blue + 5 NaCl + 5 H2O |
| creatinine is measured with the ____________ reaction | Jaffe |
| creatine clearance formula | (urine (mg/dL) x urine flow (mL/min)/plasma (mg/dL) |
| prehepatic hepatic posthepatic | increased production defective liver/ issue with liver itself impaired excretion |
| conjugated vs unconjugated | conjugated - directly reacts, water soluble, esterified, found in urine unconjugated - needs an accelerator to react, water insoluble, non esterified, not found in urine |
| bilirubin specimen considerations | serum preferred fasting sample avoid hemolysis protect from light |
| hemolytic anemias | hepatic inability to conjugate and excrete bilirubin |
| HDN | immature liver cannot conjugate and excrete bilirubin --> moderately elevated unconjugated bilirubin |
| kernicterus | permanent brain damage |
| Gilbert's syndrome | defective bilirubin transport into hepatocyte |
| Crigler-Najjar Syndrome | UDPG deficiency --> increased unconjugated bilirubin |
| dubin johnson and rotor syndrom both have defective | section of conjugated bilirubin |
| kupffer cells | phagocytes in the liver that engulf bacteria, old RBC's, toxins and debris |
| bile canaliculi | small canals that carries secretions and excretions to larger ducts |
| alcoholic _________ is the most severe stage of alcoholic liver disease | cirrhosis |
| what can be used to narrow down the type of liver disease? | serum enzymes |
| what coagulation test is often elevated in liver disease? | Prothrombin time (PT) |
| Which reagent contains sulfanilic acid and sodium nitrite? | diazo reagent |
Created by:
kingsleya27