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bio unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| purposes of mitosis | wound repair and growth/ development |
| identical daughter cells | mitosis |
| phases of mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope disappears | prophase |
| emergence of spindle fibers and organization of centrioles | prophase |
| chromatids lining up on plate and spindle fibers attach to kinetochore | metaphase |
| spindle fibers shorten and sister chromatids are pulled apart | anaphase |
| nuclear envelope starts to reappear and chromosomes decondense | telophase |
| spindle fibers are gone and cleavage furrow | telophase |
| stages of interphase | g1, s, g2 |
| grows in size, organelles get copied | g1 |
| dna replication | s phase |
| cell continues to grow, finish replicating organelles, reorganization to prepare for mitosis, proteins produced | g2 |
| checkpoints | g1, g2, m |
| nutrient availability, cell size, cell signals, health of dna | g1 |
| correct chromosome replication and health of dna | g2 |
| correct spindle fiber attachment | m checkpoint |
| gene is usually off and promotes cell division | proto-oncogenes |
| gene is usually on and inhibits cell division | tumor suppressor genes |
| prophase 1 & 2, metaphase 1 & 2, anaphase 1 & 2, telophase 1 & 2 | stages of meiosis |
| nuclear envelope disappears, crossing over, spindle fibers appear | prophase 1 |
| homologous chromosomes line up side- by-side on plate, spindle fibers attached | metaphase 1 |
| homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles, spindle fibers shorten | anaphase 1 |
| cleavage furrow, independent chromosomes gather at opposite ends of cell, chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope reappearing | telophase 1 |
| nuclear envelope disappears, spindle fibers appear | prophase 2 |
| sister chromatids line up single file at plate, spindle fibers attached | metaphase 2 |
| sister chromatids pulled apart, spindle fibers shorten | anaphase 2 |
| cleavage furrow, independent chromosomes gather at opposite ends of cell, chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope reappearing | telophase 2 |
| spermatogenesis, oogenesis | type of gamete production |
| occurs in testicles, 4 fully functional daughter cells | spermatogenesis |
| occurs in ovaries, one fully functioning daughter cell | oogenesis |
| homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, heterozygous | types of genotypes |
| AA, dominant | homozygous dominant |
| Aa, dominant | heterozygous |
| aa, recessive | homozygous recessive |
| co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic, environmental effects, linked genes | non- mendelian |
| father of genetics, uses peas | gregor mendel |
| heterozygous individual shows both dominant allele | co-dominance |
| heterozygous individual express intermediate phenotype | incomplete dominance |
| more than 2 alleles (abo blood type) | multiple alleles |
| control of one trait by more than one gene | polygenic |
| expression of allele depends on the surroundings | environmental effects |
| a pair of genes on the same chromosome are inherited together | linked genes |
| leads to gamete production | meiosis |
| division of cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells | cytokinesis |
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