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patho test 1
oncology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Exposure | germ enters |
| Incubation | no symptoms |
| Clinical illness | worst stage |
| Convalescence | recovery |
| Innate immunity | The immunity you are born with. Specific? has memory 👉 “First line, fast, fights everything the same” |
| Adaptive immunity | Immunity that develops over time after exposure. non specific no memory “Slower at first, but SMART and remembers” |
| Both innate and adaptive immunity | These are things you’ll see in both innate AND adaptive: • 🩸 White blood cells (different types, but both use them) • ⚔️ Fight infection • 🧠Work together (innate activates adaptive) |
| Autonomy | Cells grow without control and don’t listen to the body’s signals. 👉 “Cells doing whatever they want” |
| Anaplasia | Cells are undifferentiated (they don’t look like normal cells anymore). 👉 “Cells lost their identity” • No clear function |
| Anglogenesis | Tumors create new blood vessels to feed themselves. More blood = more growth + easier spread |
| Cachexia | Severe weight loss + muscle wasting in chronic illness (especially cancer). 👉 “Body wasting away” |
| Metastasis | Cancer spreads to other parts of the body. 👉 “Cancer travels and starts new tumors” blood or lymph system |
| Radiation carcinogen | Radiation that damages DNA and leads to cancer. 👉 “Radiation = DNA damage” |
| Chemical carcinogen | Chemicals that cause mutations in cells. 👉 “Toxic substances that turn cells cancerous” |
| Microbial carcinogen | Microorganisms (viruses/bacteria) that increase cancer risk. 👉 “Infections that can lead to cancer” |
| Hormonal carcinogen | Hormones that stimulate excessive cell growth, increasing cancer risk. 👉 “Hormones feeding tumor growth” Estrogen → breast cancer • Endometrial cancer risk with high estrogen |
| Hodgkin lymphoma | A cancer of the lymphatic system with a specific abnormal cell. |
| Hodgkin | Reed–Sternberg cells (big “owl-eye” cells) Orderly/contiguous (node to nearby node) |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | A group of many different lymphomas (not just one disease). 👉 Random/non-contiguous and can go outside lymph nodes (extranodal) • Can involve organs like spleen, liver, GI tract |
| Both types | Cancer of the lymphatic system • Involve lymphocytes (B cells or T cells) • Can cause: • Swollen lymph nodes • Fever, night sweats, weight loss (B symptoms) • Diagnosed with biopsy |
| Initiation (stage 1) | Happens from things like chemicals, radiation, etc. • The cell still looks normal, but it’s now changed inside Start (DNA mistake) |
| Promotion (stage 2) | Needs a “promoter” (like hormones, smoking, etc.) • This stage can sometimes be stopped or reversed Spread (more bad cells) |
| Progression (stage 3) | Tumor becomes aggressive • Can invade and spread (metastasis) Severe (real cancer) |
| Humoral immunity | Immunity that uses antibodies in body fluids (blood). “B cells make antibodies that float around and attack” |
| Cell-mediated immunity | Immunity that uses cells to directly kill infected cells. “T cells kill the infected cells” • Cytotoxic T cells = destroy infected or cancer cells |
| Both types | Humoral immunity uses B cells to produce antibodies against extracellular pathogens, while cell-mediated immunity uses T cells to destroy infected or abnormal cells. |
| Macrophages | are part of innate immunity and their job is to: “Eat” (phagocytize) germs “big eater |
| Dendritic cells: | Show” the germ to T cells They link innate → adaptive immunity detective showing evidence” |
| CD4 cells | are the “managers” of the immune system: • Activate B cells • Help CD8 cells helper/coach |
| Mast cells | involved in allergies (histamine release) • Reed-Sternberg cells → seen in Hodgkin lymphoma |
| Plasma cells | are activated B cells that: produce antibodies Plasma = “antibody factory” |
| CD8 cells: | directly kill infected or cancer cells CD8 = “killer” |
Created by:
ls99510
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