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Cells & Organelles 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of the nucleus? | Contains the cell's DNA and coordinates cell activities such as protein synthesis and reproduction. In prokaryotes, the nucleoid contains genetic material instead. |
| What is the function of the nucleolus? | Site of ribosome (rRNA) synthesis. |
| What is the cytoplasm? | The fluid-filled area in which the cell's metabolic activities occur; also includes the organelles. |
| What is the function of ribosomes? | Made of rRNA; makes proteins. |
| What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)? | Has ribosomes attached to its structure. Functions to synthesize and store proteins. |
| What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? | Functions to synthesize lipids and steroid hormones for export. |
| What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? | Modifies and packages proteins (i.e., glycosylates polypeptides). |
| What is the function of lysosomes? | Made by the Golgi. Functions in apoptosis and the breakdown of nutrients, bacteria, and cell debris. |
| What is the function of mitochondria? | Double-layered organelle that makes ATP, is the site of fatty acid catabolism, and has its own circular DNA and ribosomes. |
| What is the function of peroxisomes? | Common in the liver and kidney; function to break down substances. |
| What are vacuoles? | Vesicles inside the cell that move materials and are membrane bound. |
| What is the overall function of the cytoskeleton? | Maintains cell shape and movement. |
| What are microtubules composed of, and what is their function? | Composed of tubulin. They support the cell and aid mobility for cell activities. |
| What are centrioles? | Microtubule-based structures involved in the development of spindle fibers for cell division. |
| What are cilia? | Short, hair-like extensions from the cell used for movement. |
| What are flagella? | Thread-like extensions from the cell used for movement. |
| What are intermediate filaments and their function? | Cytoskeletal components that maintain cell shape. |
| What are microfilaments composed of, and what is their function? | Composed of actin. Used for cell motility. |
| What is the function of the extracellular matrix? | Provides mechanical support and helps bind adjacent cells. The most abundant protein in it is collagen. |
| What plant-specific structures are found in plant cells? | Cell walls (provide support) and plastids (variety of organelles serving various metabolic activities, such as chloroplasts for photosynthesis). |
| List the 5 key traits of prokaryotes. | No nucleus Single, circular, naked, double-stranded DNA Ribosomes (50S + 30S = 70S) Cell walls made of peptidoglycan; archaea use polysaccharides — many have sticky capsules on the cell wall Flagella are constructed from flagellin, not microtubules |
| What is phospholipid membrane permeability? | The membrane allows small, uncharged, hydrophobic molecules to freely pass. Molecules that are large, polar, or charged require a transporter. |
| What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane? | Regulates the fluidity of the cell membrane. |
| What are channel proteins (classes of carbohydrate/membrane passage proteins)? | Proteins that allow passage through the membrane for hydrophilic (water-soluble), polar, and charged substances. Includes ion channels (voltage-, ligand-, or mechanically-gated) and porins (less specific; pass ions and polar molecules). |
| What are carrier proteins? | Proteins that change shape after binding to a specific molecule, enabling it to be passed across the membrane. |
| What are transport proteins? | Proteins that can use ATP to transport materials across the membrane; includes active transport (e.g., sodium-potassium pump) and facilitated diffusion. |
| What is passive transport? | Movement that requires no ATP and goes down the concentration gradient. Includes simple diffusion, osmosis, dialysis, plasmolysis, facilitated diffusion, and countercurrent exchange. |
| What is active transport? | Movement that uses ATP and goes against the concentration gradient. Transports solutes like small ions, amino acids, and monosaccharides. |
| What is phagocytosis? | A form of endocytosis in which the plasma membrane invaginates around undissolved (solid) material, like bacteria. |
| What is pinocytosis? | A form of endocytosis in which the plasma membrane invaginates around dissolved (liquid) material. |
| What is receptor-mediated endocytosis? | A form of pinocytosis in which specific molecules called ligands bind to receptors to trigger uptake. |
| What is a hypertonic solution? | A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell. Causes the cell to shrivel (crenation). |
| What is a hypotonic solution? | A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell. Causes the cell to lyse (burst). |
| What is an isotonic solution? | A solution with an equal solute concentration to the cell. The cell remains normal. |
| What is an anchoring junction? | Includes desmosomes; connects 2 cells together. Found in tissues subjected to severe mechanical stress, such as the epidermis, heart, and gastrointestinal mucosa |
| What is a tight junction? | Encircles each cell, producing a seal that prevents the passage of materials between cells. Characteristic of cells lining the digestive tract. |
| What is a gap junction? | Narrow tunnels between animal cells that allow the passage of ions and small molecules. |
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smurtab