Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
MEGA A&P FINAL 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the major 5 sections of the neurological exam | 1. Mental status exam 2. Cranial nerve exam 3. Sensory exam 4. Motor exam 5. Coordination exam |
| Wernicke's aphasia | damage to the Wernwickes area (cant understand nor speak coherently) Receptive aphasia! |
| Broca's aphasia | damage to the Broca’s area (can understand, can’t speak coherently) Expressive aphasia! |
| Define orientation in the context of a neurological exam | A component of the mental status exam that measures a patient’s awareness of themselves and their surroundings in relation to time, place, and person |
| Sensory Pathways (Ascending) | Transmits sensation (touch, pain, temp, proprioception) to the brain. Finger to brain |
| Motor Pathways (Descending) | Transmits commands to execute movement (skeletal muscles). Brain to finger |
| Dorsal | ascending sensory information |
| Ventral | descending motor information |
| Sensory neuron cell bodies are contained within the | dorsal root ganglion Their axons enter the spinal cord gray matter via the dorsal root where they synapse onto interneurons (common in reflexes) or pass into white matter to ascend or descend) |
| Motor neuron cell bodies are contained within | gray matter of the spinal cord or brain. Their axons exit the spinal cord via a ventral root. |
| Midline crossing for sensory pathway | Medula or spinal cord |
| Midline crossing for motor pathway | in the medullary pyramids |
| What gland is the major player of the Endocrine System (ES)? | The endocrine gland (DUH) |
| In the brain 3 ES glands that are important | 1. Hypothalamus- Connects the nervous and endocrine systems. It regulates stuff 2. Pituitary gland- Known as the "master gland," it produces hormones that regulate other glands 3. Pineal gland- Produces melatonin to regulate sleep-wake cycles. |
| In the periphery 3 ES glands that are important | Thyroid gland- produces hormones and controls metabolism, energy, and tissue growth Parathyroid glands- regulating blood calcium levels and bone health Adrenal glands- produces cortisol, regulates adrenaline |
| Other ES glands also have non-endocrine functions: | Pancreases, thymus, heart, kidneys, testes and more |
| Hydrophilic | Water-soluble hormones interact with membrane receptors and alter function of existing proteins |
| Hydrophobic | Lipid-soluble hormones also known as steroid hormones, interact with nuclear receptors and leads to synthesis of new protein |
| HYDROPHILIC PATHWAY | 1. Bind to receptor 2. Activate G-Protein 3. Activate Adenyl Cytosate (AC) 4. Cataylizes ATP to cAMP 5. cAMP activtes kinases 6. Protein phosphorylation |
| HYDROPHOBIC PATHWAY | 1. Hormone passes through membrane 2. Binds at Cyto Rec 3. Couples exits nucleus + triggers transcription 4. mRNA changes the code |
| Hydrophilic interact | with membrane receptors and alter functions of existing proteins |
| Hydrophobic interact | with nuclear receptors and leads to the synthesis of new proteins |
| Insulin Stimulus Insulin Gland Insulin Target Cell Insulin Response | 1. Increase of blood glucose levels, parasympathetic NS stim 2. Pancreas 3. Most cells of the body 4. Drops your blood glucose levels |
| Glucagon Stimulus Glucagon Gland Glucagon Target Cell Glucagon Response | 1. Decrease of blood glucose levels, sympathetic NS stim 2. Pancreas 3. Liver and Adipose 4. Increases your blood glucose levels |
| ADH Stimulus ADH Gland ADH Target Cell ADH Response | 1. Nerve impulses from hypothalamic neurons in response to increase blood solute concentration or decreased blood volume 2. Posterior Pituitary 3. Kidneys 4. Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine output and conserving body water |
| What are the organs of the LS? | 1. Bone Marrow 2. Thymus 3. Lymph Nodes 4. Spleen 5. Lymphatic Vessels |
| Bone marrow- | home for stem cells that form both red and white blood cells |
| Thymus- | maturations of T cells |
| Lymph nodes- | filter Lymphatic fluid and house white blood cells (approx 800 nodes) |
| Spleen- | clearing defective cells from blood and fights infection Here red pulp (connective tissue and sinuses filled with blood) is filtered by white pulp (lymphocytes) |
| Lymphatic vessels- | thin walled tubes that carries lymph thus transporting cells and solutes between lymph nodes, lymphatic circulation or blood |
| Innate immunity (also called nonspecific immunity) | where the body recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances, but the response to them is the same each time the body is exposes |
| Adaptive immunity (also called specific/acquired immunity) | where the body recognized and destroys foreign substances, but the response to these invaders is the faster and strong with each encounter |
| Cell-mediated immunity | are cytotoxic T lymphocytes that directly destroy pathogens and diseased cells |
| Antibody-mediated immunity | are B lymphocytes and the production of antibodies to fight against extracellular antigens |
| MHC class 1 display | endogenous antigens and are found in every cell of your body |
| MHC class 2 display | exogenous antigens and is found on antigen-presenting cells (APCS) |
| MHC class 1 binds with | antigen to TCR and CD8 on cytotoxic T cells |
| MHC class 2 binds | with antigen on TCR and CD4 on helper T cells |
| MHCs allow cells to | place suspicious antigens on the outside of their plasma membrane to signal immune cells. |
| Rhesus factor (Rh) is | a protein found on the surface of red blood cells. It is one of the factors that determines a person’s blood type For example: AB+, AB-, O+, O- the positive of negative!!! |
| Autoimmunity | a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s tissues and cells, as if they were foreign invaders |
| Why do women people suffer high rates of autoimmune diseases? | Women are more prone to autoimmune diseases than men due to a combination of factors, including sex chromosomes, and the immune system’s response to infection |
| Females exhibit | stronger immune responses and improved survival from infection Increased immune activation correlates with higher autoimmune susceptibility Immune cell- specific XCI regulation may contribute to loss of self-tolerance. |
| Hashimoto's Thyroiditis | is a chronic autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism |
| Grave’s disease: | involves autoantibodies that stimulate the thyroid, causing it to overproduce thyroid hormone, leading to hyperthyroidism |
| The right side of the heart pumps blood through the | pulmonary circulation, which carries blood to the links, where CO2 from the blood enters the lungs and O2 diffuses from the lungs into the blood. |
| The pulmonary circulation returns blood to the | left side of the heart |
| The left side of the heart pumps blood through the | systemic circulation, which delvers O2 and nutrients to all the remaining tissues of the body. |
| From those (lung) tissues, whats carried back to what side of the heart? | CO2 and other waste products are carried back to the right side of the heart. |
| Coronary circulation | Provides blood flow to the heart via coronary artery Blood returns to the right atria (same as systemic circuit) via cardiac veins |
| SA Node (Sinoatrial Node) | Located in the right atrium, this "natural pacemaker" starts the electrical impulse, creating a heartbeat. It determines the heart rate, usually 60–100 times a minute at rest. |
| AV Node (Atrioventricular Node) | The electrical impulse travels to this node, located between the atria and ventricles. It acts as a gatekeeper, slowing the signal briefly to allow the ventricles to fill fully before contracting. |
| P wave = | atrial depolarization |
| QRS complex = | ventricular depolarization |
| T wave = | ventricular recovery/repolarization/rest |
| What does the action potential for pacemakers do differently than the muscle one? | - Calcium goes into the cell with Na+ during depolarization - Doesn't hyperpolarize |
| Intrinsic regulation is done by | cardiovascular system itself without neural or hormonal regulation |
| Extrinsic regulation involves | neural and hormonal control |
| Intrinsic regulation of the heart this happens due to | Intrinsic regulation of the heart this happens due to |
| 2nd degree partial block | half of the P waves are not followed by the QRS complex and T waves, while the other half are |
| Atrial fibulation | abnormal electrical pattern prior to the QRS complexes. also, frequencies between the QRS complex are increased |
| Ventriculare tachycardia | Unusual shape of the QRS complex, S component |
| Ventricular fibrilation | a mess lack of normal electrical activity looks like scribbles on EKG |
| 3rd degree block | some impulses initiated by the SA node do not reach the AV node, while others do. also, the p waves are not followed by the QRS complex |
| Feedback loops of the heart | baroreceptors and chemoreceptors are specialized sensory neurons. Sensors in heart and vessels detect changes and relay the information to the CNS |
| 1. Feedback loops of the heart Baroreceptors in aorta and carotid artery detect a change in | blood pressure |
| 2. Feedback loops of the heart Sensory neurons transmit this information to the | CNS |
| 3. Feedback loops of the heart Cardioregulatory center in the medulla oblongata serve as | control center |
| 4. Feedback loops of the heart Parasympathetic and sympathetic that nerve fibers innervate the heart | Change heart rate at the SA node Change strength of cardiac contraction |
| Arteries | large vessels carrying blood away from the heart |
| Capillaries | smallest vessels and site of nutrient exchange |
| Veins | large vessels carrying blood towards heart |
| Laminar blood flow | Fluid including blood, tends to glow through long, smooth-walled tubes in a streamlined manner called laminar blood flow |
| Turbulent blood flow | When laminar flow is interrupted, it becomes turbulent flow. Here the rate of flow exceeds what the vessel can handle. Forcing small currents of to whorl and hit vessels- making noise. |
| Blood pressure is directly proportional to: | • Cardiac output (5L) • Vascular resistance aka total peripheral resistance (TPR) |
| Blood pressure is measured using two numbers: | 1. Systolic BP 2. Diastolic BP |
| Systolic BP | • The first number represents the systolic blood pressure: highest pressure in the arteries during systole (ventricular contraction). |
| Diastolic BP | • Second number is the diastolic blood pressure: represents the pressure in the arteries during diastole (ventricular relaxation). |
| Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) | A condition in which fatty deposits (atherosclerotic plaques) build up in the walls of the arteries which narrow blood vessels and reduce blood flow to the limbs |
| PAD Symptoms | Leg pain, redness or other color changes in your skin, cold feet, toe and foot sores that don’t heal. |
| PAD Treatment | Healthy diet, exercise, and reducing tobacco products, weight loss, and drugs to reduce platelets and lipids in blood. |
| Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) | Occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one of the deep veins in the body (typically in the calves). |
| DVT Causes | Certain conditions that affect how blood clots, not moving for prolonged periods of time (surgery, illness, accident, plane). |
| DVT Symptoms | Symptoms: leg pain, redness, swelling, feeling of warmth |
| DVT Treatments | Blood thinners (anticoagulants) , compression stockings, and even surgery |
Created by:
liladdoyle