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Biochemistry (OAT) 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an atom? | A single unit made up of neutrons, protons, and electrons. |
| What is a molecule? | A group of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds due to electron interactions. |
| What is a macromolecule? | A large molecule (polymer) formed from the bonding of smaller molecules (monomers). |
| What is an ionic bond? | The transfer of electrons from one atom to another between atoms of very different electronegativity. |
| What is a covalent bond? | The sharing of electrons between atoms of similar electronegativities. Can be nonpolar (equal sharing) or polar (unequal sharing, forms a dipole). |
| What is a hydrogen bond? | A weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (F, O, or N). Gives water unique properties like surface tension. |
| What is a dehydration reaction? | A reaction that links monomers to form polymers, releasing H₂O in the process. |
| What is hydrolysis? | A reaction that uses water to break polymers into monomers. |
| What is the monomer of proteins? | Amino acids. |
| What is the polymer of proteins? | Peptides (polypeptides). |
| What is the linkage type in proteins? | Peptide bond. |
| What are the functions of proteins? | Structure, transport, defense, storage, and enzymes. |
| What is the primary structure of a protein? | A linear chain sequence of amino acids. |
| What is the secondary structure of a protein? | Local folding of the chain into α-helices or β-sheets via hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids. |
| What is the tertiary structure of a protein? | The 3D shape of a protein due to noncovalent interactions between R groups (disulfide bonds are covalent exceptions). |
| What is the quaternary structure of a protein? | A 3D protein shape consisting of 2 or more separate peptide chains. |
| What is the monomer of carbohydrates? | Monosaccharides. |
| What is the polymer of carbohydrates? | Polysaccharides. |
| What is the linkage type in carbohydrates? | Glycosidic bond. |
| What is the function of carbohydrates? | Energy storage. |
| What is a monosaccharide? | A single sugar molecule (e.g., glucose). |
| What is a disaccharide? | Two joined sugar molecules (e.g., glucose + fructose = sucrose). |
| What is a polysaccharide? | A polymer of sugar molecules. Examples include starch (α-glucose), glycogen (α-glucose), cellulose (β-glucose), and chitin (β-glucose). |
| What is the general nature of lipids? | Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules. |
| What is the monomer of lipids? | Hydrocarbons. |
| What is the linkage type in lipids? | Covalent carbon-carbon bonds. |
| What are the functions of lipids? | Insulation, energy storage, endocrine signaling, and cell structure. |
| What is a triglyceride? | Glycerol + 3 fatty acids. Saturated fats have single bonds and straight chains; unsaturated fats have double bonds and branched chains. |
| What is a phospholipid? | 2 fatty acids + a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone. Phospholipids are amphipathic (polar head, nonpolar tail) and form the phospholipid membrane bilayer. |
| What is the structure of a steroid? | Three 6-membered rings + one 5-membered ring (4 fused hydrocarbon rings). Examples: hormones, cholesterol. |
| What is a porphyrin? | Four joined pyrrole rings with a metal center atom. Examples: chlorophyll, hemoglobin. They are non-lipids but are commonly associated with lipid membranes. |
| What is the monomer of nucleic acids? | Nucleotides. |
| What is the polymer of nucleic acids? | Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA). |
| What is the linkage type in nucleic acids? | Phosphodiester bond. |
| What is the function of nucleic acids? | Encode, express, and store genetic information. |
| What is the structure of a nucleotide? | A nitrogenous base + a 5-carbon sugar + a phosphate group. |
| How does DNA differ from RNA structurally at the sugar? | DNA has an H attached to the 2' carbon of the sugar (deoxyribose); RNA has an OH attached (ribose). |
| What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA? | Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G). |
| What are the nitrogenous bases in RNA? | Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G). |
| Describe the structure of DNA. | Double helix with 2 complementary antiparallel strands running 5' to 3'. Contains deoxyribose sugar. |
| How do DNA bases pair, and how many hydrogen bonds are involved? | A pairs with T via 2 hydrogen bonds; C pairs with G via 3 hydrogen bonds. |
| What is the significance of a high GC content in DNA? | More GC base pairs = more hydrogen bonds = higher temperature required to separate (denature) the strands. |
| What is RNA's structure compared to DNA? | RNA is single-stranded and uses ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose. |
| What is Chargaff's Rule? | In DNA, A & T are always present in equal amounts, and G & C are always present in equal amounts. (e.g., if DNA is 20% A, it is also 20% T.) |
Created by:
smurtab