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sociology pt4
study guide for 4th test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Émile Durkheim | saw crime and deviance as inevitable elements in modern societies, where there is more room for individual choice. believed deviance was necessary in terms of innovation. |
| Anomie | a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior. characterized by a feeling of aimlessness or despair. |
| Robert K. Merton | Saw deviance as a byproduct of economic inequalities. split people into five possible types based on how they responded to the tensions between socially endorsed values and the limited means of achieving them. |
| Merton's Deviance Typology | conformist, innovator, ritualist, retreatist, and rebel. |
| Conformists | accept values and the conventional means of realizing them, regardless of whether they meet with success |
| Innovators | accept approved values but use illegitimate/illegal means to follow them. |
| Ritualists | conform to standards but have lost sight of their underlying values. |
| Retreatists | have abandoned the competitive outlook, rejecting both the dominant values and the approved means of achieving them. |
| rebels | reject both the existing values and the means of achieving them but work to substitute new values and reconstruct the social system. |
| Relative deprivation | The recognition that one has less than one’s peers. Merton saw this as an important factor in deviance. |
| Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin | Individuals follow rules when they have the opportunity to do so and break rules when they do not. |
| Functionalists | theorists who studied subcultural groups that adopt norms that encourage or reward criminal behavior. |
| Subcultures with deviant values | Subcultures that develop in response to a lack of legitimate opportunities for success as defined by the wider society. |
| Interactionist | reject the idea that some types of conduct are inherently deviant. Instead, they ask why only some groups get labeled as deviant. |
| Interactionist theories | Differential association and labeling theory. |
| Differential association | an interpretation of the development of criminal behavior proposed by Edwin H. Sutherland, according to whom criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime |
| differential | refers to the ratio of deviant to conventional social contacts. |
| A deviant | refers to one exposed to a higher level of deviant persons and influences, compared with conventional influences. |
| Labeling theory | an approach to the study of deviance that suggests that people become “deviant” because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others |
| Primary deviation | according to Edwin Lemert, the actions that cause others to label one as a deviant |
| Secondary deviation | according to Edwin Lemert, following the act of primary deviation, secondary deviation occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly |
| Control theory | views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and the controls that deter it. |
| Control theorists | hold that criminals are rational beings who will act to maximize their own reward unless they are rendered unable to do so through either social or physical controls. |
| Conflict theorists | argue that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political in nature. law becomes the key instrument for the powerful to maintain order. Crime occurs in the context of inequalities and competing interests among social groups. |
| Conflict theorists | argue that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political in nature. law becomes the key instrument for the powerful to maintain order. Crime occurs in the context of inequalities and competing interests among social groups. |
| Criminologists | think that about half of all serious crimes, and an even larger proportion of less serious crimes, go unreported |
| Criminologists | think that about half of all serious crimes, and an even larger proportion of less serious crimes, go unreported |
| Hate crime | a criminal act by an offender who is motivated by some bias, such as racism, sexism, or homophobia |
| Causes of the High Rates of Crime | availability of firearms, general influence of the “frontier tradition”, subcultures of violence in large cities. controversial stand-your-ground laws in many states allow a person to use deadly force in self-defense without first trying to retreat. |
| White-collar crime | criminal activities carried out by those in white-collar, or professional, jobs |
| Corporate crime | offenses committed by large corporations in society, including pollution, false advertising, and violations of health and safety regulations |
| effects of corporate crime | affect those who are disadvantaged by other socioeconomic inequalities. |
| Organized crime | criminal activities carried out by organizations established as businesses |
| Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) | documents that contain official data on crime that is reported to law enforcement agencies that then provide the data to the FBI. |
| Hate crime | a criminal act by an offender who is motivated by some bias, such as racism, sexism, or homophobia |
| Causes of the High Rates of Crime | availability of firearms, general influence of the “frontier tradition”, subcultures of violence in large cities. controversial stand-your-ground laws in many states allow a person to use deadly force in self-defense without first trying to retreat. |
| White-collar crime | criminal activities carried out by those in white-collar, or professional, jobs |
| Corporate crime | offenses committed by large corporations in society, including pollution, false advertising, and violations of health and safety regulations |
| effects of corporate crime | affect those who are disadvantaged by other socioeconomic inequalities. |
| Organized crime | criminal activities carried out by organizations established as businesses |
| Conflict theorists | argue that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political in nature. law becomes the key instrument for the powerful to maintain order. Crime occurs in the context of inequalities and competing interests among social groups. |
| Criminologists | think that about half of all serious crimes, and an even larger proportion of less serious crimes, go unreported |
| Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) | documents that contain official data on crime that is reported to law enforcement agencies that then provide the data to the FBI. |
| Hate crime | a criminal act by an offender who is motivated by some bias, such as racism, sexism, or homophobia |
| Causes of the High Rates of Crime | availability of firearms, general influence of the “frontier tradition”, subcultures of violence in large cities. controversial stand-your-ground laws in many states allow a person to use deadly force in self-defense without first trying to retreat. |
| White-collar crime | criminal activities carried out by those in white-collar, or professional, jobs |
| Corporate crime | offenses committed by large corporations in society, including pollution, false advertising, and violations of health and safety regulations |
| effects of corporate crime | affect those who are disadvantaged by other socioeconomic inequalities. |
| Organized crime | criminal activities carried out by organizations established as businesses |
| Cybercrime | criminal activities by means of electronic networks or information technologies. Electronic money laundering, personal identity theft, electronic vandalism, and monitoring electronic correspondence. |
| causes for the declining crime rate | Better economic conditions and lower employment Rise of home security systems, Targeted police work (officers stationed in crime hot spots), less widespread use of cocaine and other illegal drugs, Lower levels of lead contamination. |
| Prison | U.S. locks up more people per capita than any other country. Mass incarceration has had an especially harmful impact on Black communities. Some argue that we should reform or even abolish prisons. |
| Policing | police forces grew, and many scholars believe this accounted for 10 to 20% of the overall crime decline. However, stop and frisk overwhelmingly targets young men of color by police on a near-daily basis. |
| Broken windows theory | a theory proposing that even small acts of crime, disorder, and vandalism can threaten a neighborhood and render it unsafe. Proposed by Philip Zimbardo |
| Community policing | an approach to policing that emphasizes crime prevention rather than law enforcement to reintegrate policing within the community. police work closely with citizens to improve local community. |
| Benefits of the Crime Decline | a downward trend in crime. In communities where crime has gone down, the amount of violence has also decreased, and children perform better in school. |
| Costs of Crime | Maintaining local, state, and national criminal justice systems is costly, and spending on corrections has risen dramatically over the past three decades. |
| Functions of Deviance | help us understand what is considered “right” and “wrong” among our peers, friends, and community members |
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