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AP Psych 5.2
Psychological disorders
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychological disorder | a disturbance in peoples thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that causes distress or suffering, and impairs their daily lives |
| Medical model | the concept that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated and in most cases cured, often through treatment in a hospital |
| Diathesis-stress model | the concept that genetic predispositions combine with environmental stressors to influence psychological disorder |
| Epigentics | "above" or "in addition"; the study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments influence genetic expression |
| DSM-5-TR | a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders |
| Mental illness and violence | people with mental illness are more likely to be victims that perpetrators of violence |
| Anxiety disorders | a group of disorders characterized by excessive fear and worry and related maladaptive behaviors |
| Social anxiety disorder | intense fear and avoidance of social situations |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, an in a state of automatic nervous system arousal |
| Panic disorder | an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain or other frightening sesations |
| Agoraphobia | fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places where on may experience a loss of control and panic |
| Specific phobia | an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both |
| Hoarding disorder | a persistent difficulty parting with possessions, regardless of their value |
| PTSD | a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hyper vigilance, avoidance, of trauma- related stimuli, jump anxiety, or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after traumatic experience |
| Depressive disorders | a group of disorders characterized by an enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood, along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a persons ability to function |
| Major depressive disorder | a disorder in which a person experiences five or more symptoms lasting two or more weeks in the absence of drug use or medical condition, at least one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure |
| Persistent depressive disorder | a disorder in which people experience a depressed moos on more days than not for at least two years |
| Bipolar disorders | a group of disorders in which a persons alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania |
| Bipolar 1 disorder | the most severe form in which people experience a euphoric, talkative, highly energetic, and overly ambitious state that lasts a week or longer |
| Mania | a hyperactive, widely optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common |
| Bipolar 2 disorder | less severe for of bipolar in which people move between depression and a milder hypomania |
| Rumination | Compulsive fretting; over thinking our problems and inner causes |
| Psychotic disorders | a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality |
| Schizophrenia spectrum disorders | a group of disorders characterized by decisions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized motor behavior |
| Delusion | a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders |
| Chronic schizophrenia | also called process schizophrenia a form in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten |
| Acute schizophrenia | also called reactive schizophrenia that can begin at any age frequently occurs in responses to a traumatic event, and from which recovery is which more likely |
| Dissociative disorders | a controversial, rare group of disorders characterized by disruption of a discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, motor control, and behavior |
| Dissociative identity disorder (DID) | a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities. Multiple personality disorder is another common name |
| Dissociative amnesia | a disorder in which people with intact brains experience memory ages; people would Dissociative amnesia may report not remembrance trauma-related specific events, people, places, or aspects |
| Personality disorder | a group of disorders characterized by enduring inner experiences or behaviors patterns that differ from someones cultural norms and expectation, are persuasive and inflexible, beginning adolescence, are stable over time, and cause distress |
| Antisocial personality disorder | personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wronging, even toward friends and family members; maybe aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist |
| Eating disorder | characterized by altered consumption of food that impairs health or psychological functioning |
| Anorexia nervosa | an eating disorder in which a person maintains starvation despite being significantly underweight, and has an inaccurate self-perception; sometimes accompanied by excessive excersise |
| Bulimia nervosa | a eating disorder where a [person binge eats and is followed by inappropriate weight loss promoting vomiting, laxative use, fasting, and excessive exercise |
| Neurodevelopment | CNS abnormalities (usually in the brain) that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior |
| Autism spectrum disorder ( ASD) | a disorder that appeals in childhood and is marked by limitations in communication and social interaction, and by fixated interests and repetitive behaviors |
| ADHD | a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and hyperactivity and impulsivity |
| Deinstitutionalization | the process, begun in the late twenty century, involving people with psychological disorders out of institutional facilities |
| Psychotherapy | treatment involving psychological techniques, consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome difficulties to achieve personal growth |
| Biomedical therapy | prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the persons physiology |
| Electric approach | an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy |
| Psychoanalysis | Sigmund freud's therapeutic technique , he believed the patients free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences- and the analysis's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight |
| Resistence | In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety |
| Interpretation | In psychoanalysis, the analysts noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and event in effort to promote insight |
| Transference | In psychoanalysis, the patients transfer to the analysts of emotions linked with other relationships |
| Person-centered theory | a humanistic therapy, developed by Carls Rodgers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathetic environment to facilitate clients growth |
| Active listening | empathetic listening in which the listener echos, restates, and seeks clarification. A feature of Rodgers person-centered therapy |
| Behavior therapy | therapy that used learning principles to reduce unwanted behaviors |
| Counterconditioning | behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning |
| Exposure therapies | behavioral techniques, such as systemic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid |
| Systemic desensitization | a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias |
| Virtual reality exposure therapy | treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face fears, like flying, spiders, etc |
| Aversive conditioning | associates an unpleasant state as nausea with an unwanted behavior such as drinking |
| Token economy | an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats |
| Cognitive therapy | therapy that teaches people new. more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions |
| Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) | a conformational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges peoples illogical self-defeating attitudes and assumptions |
| Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) | a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavioral therapy (changing therapy) |
| Group therapy | therapy conducted with groups rather that individuals, providing benefits from group interaction |
| family therapy | therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members |
| Self help groups | formal or informal gathering, these groups focus on behavior that is often stigmatized and difficult to share offering a shared experience and support from other in similar situations |
| Confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. |
| Meta-analysis | a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion |
| Evidence-based practice | clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and client characteristics and preferences |
| Therapeutic alliance | a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem |
| Psychopharmacology | he study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior |
| Antipsychotic drugs | drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorders |
| Anti-anxiety drugs | drugs used to control anxiety and agitation |
| Antidepressant drugs | drugs used to treat depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive compulsive and related disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder |
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | a biomedical therapy for severe depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized person |
| Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) | the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity |
| Psychosurgery | surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue to change behavior |
| Lobotomy | a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion controlling centers of the inner brain |
| Hypnosis | a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
| Dissociation | a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
| Posthypnotic suggestion | a suggestion made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; Used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
| Post traumatic growth | positive psychological changes following a struggle with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises |
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