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Unit 10: Absolutism
World History Pre AP Unit 10: Absolutism & Enlightenment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| absolute monarchies | a form of government in which a ruler has complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs |
| divine right | idea that a ruler’s authority came directly from God |
| Huguenots | French Protestants of the 1500s and 1600s |
| Edict of Nantes | law issued by French king Henry IV in 1598 giving more religious freedom to French Protestants |
| Versailles | royal French residence and seat of government established by King Louis XIV |
| levee | morning ritual during which nobles would wait upon French king Louis XIV |
| balance of power | distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong |
| Henry IV | (1553–1610) served as king of Navarre as Henry III (1572–1589) and first Bourbon king of France (1589–1610). At the end of the Wars of Religion, he renounced Protestantism and converted to Roman Catholicism to help reunify France. |
| Cardinal Richelieu | (1585–1642) considered one of the greatest politicians in history, he played an important role in France's history while serving as chief minister to Louis XIII. |
| Louis XIV | (1638–1715) served as king of France (1643–1715) and is considered the symbol of absolute monarchy. |
| Jean-Baptiste Colbert | (1619–1683) served under King Louis XIV of France as controller general of finance (from 1665) and secretary of state for the navy (from 1668). He carried out economic programs that helped make France the strongest power in Europe. |
| Westernization | adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture |
| boyar | landowning noble in Russia under the tsars |
| autocratic | having unlimited power |
| warm-water port | port that is free of ice year round |
| St. Petersburg | a port city in northwestern Russia founded in 1703 by Peter the Great |
| partition | a division into pieces |
| Peter the Great | (1672–1725), tsar of Russia, reigned jointly with his half-brother Ivan V (1682–1696) and alone (1696–1725). He was proclaimed emperor in 1721. He was one of Russia's greatest statesmen, organizers, and reformers. |
| Catherine the Great | (1729–1796) was the German-born empress of Russia (1762–1796) who led her country in becoming part of the political and cultural life of Europe. |
| dissenter | Protestant whose views and opinions differed from those of the Church of England |
| Puritan | member of an English Protestant group who wanted to “purify” the Church of England by making it more simple and more morally strict |
| English Bill of Rights | series of acts passed in 1689 by the English Parliament that limited the rights of the monarchy and ensured the superiority of Parliament |
| limited monarchy | government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch's powers |
| constitutional government | government whose power is defined and limited by law |
| cabinet | parliamentary advisors to the king who originally met in a small room, or cabinet |
| prime minister | the chief executive of a parliamentary government |
| oligarchy | government in which the ruling power belongs to a few people |
| James I | (1566–1625) ruled Scotland, England, and Ireland. His belief in the divine right of kings caused frequent clashes with Parliament, and he famously commissioned the King James Bible |
| Charles I | (1600–1649), the second Stuart king, believed in the divine right of kings, causing constant conflict with Parliament. This tension sparked the English Civil War, leading to his defeat and execution for high treason. |
| Oliver Cromwell | (1599–1658) was an English soldier and gentleman who led the forces against Charles I of England during the English Civil War. He made himself Lord Protector of England in 1653, leading the country as a republic until his death. |
| Ottoman | a member of a Turkish-speaking nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia into northwestern Asia Minor |
| janizaries | a member of the elite forces of the Ottoman army |
| Suleiman | (1494–1566) was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire who ruled from 1520 to 1566. During this time he brought bureaucracy and stability to the empire and advanced the arts, law, and architecture. His military campaigns greatly expanded the scope of the empire. |
| Natural Law | unchanging principle, discovered through reason, that governs human conduct |
| Social Contract | an agreement by which people gave up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos |
| Natural Rights | rights that belongs to all humans from birth, such as life, liberty, and property |
| Philosophe | French for “philosopher”; French thinker who desired reform in society during the Enlightenment |
| Laissez faire | policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference |
| Censorship | restriction on access to ideas and information |
| Salon | informal social gathering at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas |
| Baroque | ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s |
| Rococo | personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700s that featured designs with the shapes of leaves, shells, and flowers |
| Enlightened despot | absolute ruler who used his or her power to bring about political and social change |
| Thomas Hobbes | (1588–1679), author of Leviathan, argued that a powerful government is necessary to prevent the chaos of the "state of nature." His social contract theory grounded the Enlightenment, influencing thinkers like Locke, Rousseau, and Kant. |
| John Locke | (1632–1704) shaped the U.S. Constitution and the American Revolution by proposing that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that government must be accountable to the governed. |
| Baron de Montesquieu | (1689–1755) was a wealthy noble turned democratic reformer. In his 1748 work, The Spirit of the Laws, he proposed the separation of powers, a concept that became a cornerstone of modern American government. |
| Voltaire | (1694–1778) was a sharp-witted philosopher and writer who was twice imprisoned for criticizing French authorities. He spent his life championing political and religious freedom while fighting against ignorance, superstition, and intolerance. |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | (1712–1778) was a Swiss philosopher whose works inspired the French Revolution. He revolutionized political and ethical thought, influenced child-centered educational methods, and shifted artistic tastes toward Romanticism. |
| Adam Smith | (1723–1790) was a Scottish philosopher and the "father of modern economics." His seminal work, The Wealth of Nations, championed free markets and minimal government interference, shaping global economies for over two centuries. |
| Joseph II | (1741–1790), Austria's most radical enlightened despot, modernized his empire by abolishing serfdom and establishing religious equality for Protestants and Jews. He famously traveled in disguise to understand his subjects' struggles firsthand. |
Created by:
Anwaar Khan