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A+ Domain 2.0
Networking
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does TCP mean? | TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol - known as connection-oriented sessions. Meaning - every packet that is sent is checked for delivery. |
| What 3 steps does TCP take to establish network connections? | SYN (Comp. sending packets), SYN+ACK: (Server responds w/a synchronize/Acknowledgement packet), ACK: Comp. sends an acknowledgement packet to the server) |
| What is a TCP socket connection? | Once the server receives that ACK packet, it acknowledges the session, and the network connection is established. |
| What is Flow Control? | a method TCP uses to prevent overwhelming a server by sending too many packets too fast. |
| What does UDP stand for and what are they? | User Datagram Protocol - known as connectionless sessions. Packets are sent but there's no confirmation of delivery |
| What does HTTP and HTTPS mean? | Hypertext Transfer Protocol & Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure |
| What does SMTP stand for and what does it do? | Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - it sends mail. |
| What does POP3 stand for and what does it do? | Post Office Protocol version 3 - it's used by email clients to retrieve incoming mail from a mail server |
| What does IMAP stand for and what does it do? | Internet Message Access Protocol - an email protocol that enables messages to remain on the email server so that they can be retrieved from any location. |
| What does FTP stand for and what does it do? also, Does FTP use TCP or UDP? | File Transfer Protocol - allows computers to transfer files back and forth. TCP - it's connection based |
| Is FTP considered a secure protocol? if not, what alternatives are there? | Default FTP is not considered secure today, instead orgs. prefer SFTP or FTP Secure (FTPS) (which use SSL/TLS) |
| What does SSH stand for and what does it do? also, Does SSH use TCP or UDP? | Secure Shell - enables the remote control of computers and enables data to be exchanged between computers on a secured channel. (more secure option than FTP/Telnet) It uses TCP |
| What does DHCP stand for and what does it do? | Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used to automatically assign IP addresses to hosts. It automatically assigns IP addresses, subnet masks, gateway addresses, DNS servers, and so on from a central location. |
| What is a DHCPv4 server? Does it use TCP or UDP? | When a DHCP server, on a typical IPv4 network, has inbound port 67 open and a DHCP client uses port 68 to connect out of that DHCP server. UDP - it's connectionless |
| What is DNS and what does it do? | Domain Name System - is the group of servers on the Internet that translates domain names to IP addresses. When you connect to a website, the DNS server takes care of resolving the name to an IP. So that your comp. can comm. via IP |
| What does LDAP stand for and what does it do? | Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - used to access and maintain distributed directories of information. It's a protocol used to access and query compliant directory services systems, such as Microsoft Active Directory. |
| What is the Data Rate and Frequency of 802.11a ? | 54 mbps - 5 GHz |
| What is the Data Rate and Frequency of 802.11b? | 11 mbps - 2.4 GHz |
| What is the Data Rate and Frequency of 802.11g? | 54 mbps - 2.4 GHz |
| What is the Data Rate and Frequency of 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4)? | 600 mbps - 5 and or 2.4 GHz |
| What is the Data Rate and Frequency of 802.11 ac (Wi-Fi 5)? | 3.5 Gbps - 5 GHz |
| What is the Data Rate and Frequency of 802.11 ax (Wi-Fi 6)? | 9.6 Gbps - 5 and 2.4 GHz |
| What is the Data Rate and Frequency of Wi-Fi 6e? | 5.4 Gbps - 6 GHz |
| What is the Data Rate and Frequency of 802.11 be (Wi-Fi 7)? | 46 Gbps - 2.4/5/6 GHz |
| What does a Web Server do? | houses the website of an organization |
| What are Print Servers and what do they do? | Basic servers that take control of multiple printers on the network. All caching of information, spooling, printer spooling, sharing and permissions are controlled centrally by the print server |
| How do you connect a client to an email server? | Use the appropriate software (Outlook/Windows Mail), know the server name, protocol/ports, username/password and whether there is additional secutiry |
| What do Database Servers do? | Database Servers store, manage, and retrieve data for applications and users |
| What does a Proxy server do? | Used primarily as a go-between for a client and the website accessed. Commonly used to cache information so that the information exists on the proxy server and another user accessing the same page won't have to get it from the Internet. |
| What does a DHCP Server do? | It's in charge of handing out IP addresses to clients |
| What do DNS Servers do? | Takes care of resolving domain names to IP Addresses. It can also do the opposite --> reverse DNS |
| What is a Syslog Server and what is Syslog? | Syslog is a protocol that can take logged event information from a router or other network device and send it to a logging server - also known as a syslog server. |
| What are AAA Servers? | (Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting) AAA Servers are crucial for network security and managing user access and authorizations. |
| What is a Network Firewall? | usually a rack-mountable hardware device that connects to the LAN on one side (Private Network) and to the Internet (Public Network) on the other. The primary function of a network firewall is to close ports (Such as HTTP port 80) to prevent intrusions. |
| What is a UTM? | Unified Threat management - incorporates the features of a firewall along with antivirus and antimalware antispam, content filtering, and intrusion prevention for the network. Can take the place of several units doing separate tasks all in one. |
| What is IDS and IPS? | Intrusion Detection System (Alerts any attempts to enter the network). Intrusion Prevention System (Detects but Thwarts intrusions) |
| What is a Load Balancer? | Hardware or software that monitors the servers in use and routes client requests to servers in a uniform fashion - making sure that no servers are overloaded and no servers are idle. |
| While looking at the details of a server in your provider’s control panel, you notice that it says “Apache” in the HTTPS summary. What kind of server is this? | Web Server - Apache is a type of web server that runs on Linux. It is also known as Apache HTTP Server |
| What is a FQDN? | Fully Qualified Domain Name - which is a Hostname and Domain name together. Example: server1.demonsite.com |
| What kind of DNS record is this? server1.example.com A 10.0.2.4 | A Record |
| What does an A Record do? | it stores the IPv4 address of a domain or host for forward lookup |
| What does an AAAA Record do? | Stores the IPv6 addresses of a domain or host |
| What does CNAME Record stand for and what does it do? | Canonical Name record - and it aliases one domain to another, simplifying DNS management. Example: www.example.com --> example.com |
| What does NS record stand for and what does it do? | Name Server Record - stores the DNS server record |
| What does SOA Record stand for and what does it do? | Start of Authority Record - stores the administrative information for a domain |
| What does MX Record stand for and what does it do? | Mail Exchange Record - directs mail to an email server. The MX record simply points to the server where email should be delivered for that Domain name. |
| What does PTR Record stand for and what does it do? | Pointer Record - does revers lookup (IP to name). Example on a DNS server: 4.2.0.10.in-addr.urpa PTRServer1.example.com |
| What does DKIM stand for and what does it do? | DomainKeys Identified Mail - An authentication method for email that attempts to detect email spoofers. DKIM enables the email recipient to check the domain that an email supposedly came from using a digital signature |
| What does SPF stand for and what does it do? | Sender Policy Framework - A receiving email server can attempt to check mail by verifying the IP address of the domain that the mail claims to have come from. It does this by checking the DNs records for that domain and systems. |
| What does DMARC stand for and what does it do? | Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance - enables an admin to publish a policy in the DNS server's records that states which mechanism to use and what do to in the event of failures. It's used in conjunction with the older DKIM/SPF |
| What DHCP IP process? and what does it stand for? | DORA - Discovery, Offering, Request, and Acknowledgement |
| What is the Discovery step in the DORA process for DHCP? | A client computer discovering the DHCP server - with IPv4 the DHCP server uses inbound 67 to listen for DHCP requests and the client uses outbound port 68 to discover a DHCP server |
| What is the Offering step in the DORA process for DHCP? | If that DHCP server is listening and has been discovered, it makes an offer to the client (that offer is usually an IP address, a subnet mask, a gateway address, and a DNS server IP Address |
| What is the Request step in the DORA process for DHCP? | The client requests the IP Address and additional TCP/Ip information that has been offered by the DHCP server - meaning that the client is agreeing to use the IP and it's letting the server know |
| What is the Acknowledgement step in the DORA process for DHCP? | The server acknowledges that the client has requested the offered IP configuration, it then creates an IP lease for the client, and then the server confirms with the client - now the client can now communicate over the network via TCP/IP |
| What is an IP Pool or DHCP Scope? | A range of IP's that the DHCP server has been preconfigured to provide |
| What is an IP lease? | the amount of time that a client can use an assigned IP address in a DHCP system |
| What are DHCP exclusions? | IP addresses within a DHCP Scope that administrators specified not to be assigned to clients - this ensures that the DHCP server does not allocate these addresses dynamically |
| What are DHCP reservations? | IP addresses within the DHCP Scope that are permanently reserved for special computers or devices that need to use DHCP but don't want the IP addresses to change over time |
| What is a VLAN? and what are they used for? | Virtual LAN's are used primarily to segment a network. Also used to reduce data collisions, organize the network, and potentially boost performance and increase security. They're organized on a VLAN compatible switch. |
| What does a VPN do? | A VPN extends a LAN by establishing a secure connection through a public network such as the internet. |
| What is a LAN? | a group of computers and other devices usually located in a small area |
| What is a WAN? | a group of one or more LANs over a large geographic area |
| What is a MAN? | Metropolitan Area Network - smaller version of WAN - connects networks that are short distance from each other but still need an ISP for the high-link speed |
| What is a SAN? | Storage Area Network - a dedicated network designed specifically for the storage of data |
| What is a WLAN? | Wireless Local Area Network - is formed when multiple computers are connected by way of one or more wireless access points |
| What is a WMN? | Wireless Mesh Network - Wireless access points have multiple connections to each other in a matrix or mesh pattern |
| What is a PAN? | Personal Area Network - a smaller computer network used for communication by small computing devices (bt, nfc, etc.) |
Created by:
abramM