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anat.lab final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| autonomic nervous system and divisions | sympathetic "fight or flight", exercise HR increases sweat increases parasympathetic "rest and digest" homeostasis opposite effects-> inhibitory |
| autonomic nervous system functions | Controls involuntary functions Regulates heart rate, digestion, breathing Keeps body in balance (homeostasis) |
| list sympathetic and parasympathetic responses for the following: | eyes s-dilate stomach s-inhibits peristalsis p- stimulates peristalsis heart s- accelerates HR p- slows HR adrenal glands s- produce adrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine) |
| function of endocrine system | Releases hormones Controls growth, metabolism, reproduction Long-term body regulation |
| what is the endocrine system definition what is a hormone def | The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones. hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions. |
| what's a target organ vs an effector organ? | target- the specific organ that receives signals from hormones or nerves. effector- the organ that produces a response or effect after receiving signals ex -liver is a target organ for insulin; the heart is an effector organ that increases heart rate. |
| endocrine functions hypothalamus pituitary thyroid parathyroid | hypothalamus- command center, regulates 8 hormones, which are secreted by anterior and posterior pituitary pituitary- releases hormones that target other hormones. thyroid- regulates body temp by regulating metabolism parathyroid- calcium regulation |
| endocrine functions adrenal pancreas thymus pineal ovaries testes | adrenal- secretes adrenaline pancreas- regulates blood sugar (insulin and glucagon) thymus- active until puberty, where WBCs go to mature pineal- circadian rhythm ovaries- secretes estrogen and progesterone (puberty) testes- secretes testosterone |
| function of cardiovascular system | Pumps and transports blood Delivers oxygen + nutrients Removes waste (CO₂, toxins) |
| path of blood flow through heart | oxygen poor blood from body- S and I VC- RA- TV- RV PSLV- PA- lungs- PV- LA- BV- LV- ASLV-Aorta- rest of body right side= pulmonary circulation left side= systemic circulation |
| Define VO2 and its components (Q x A-VO2diff) | volume of oxygen consumed by the body during exercise Cardiac Output Q =amount of blood the heart pumps per minute A-VO2diff Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference:- difference in O2 content btwn arterial +venous blood, -how much oxygen is utilized by tissues |
| systolic vs diastolic blood pressure | systolic- force during systole (contraction), estimate of the work of the heart diastolic- force during diastole (relaxation), indicative of resistance of blood vessels to blood flow |
| what is considered normal BP? | below 120/80 |
| what happens to blood pressure with exercise? | systolic BP will increase as activity increases |
| PQRST | p wave-atrial depolarization (contraction) QRS complex- ventricular depolarization (contraction), atrial repolarization (relaxation, can't see on ECG) T wave- ventricular repolarization (relaxation), reset phase of the ventricles |
| wave of depolarization through heart (1 and 2) SA node AV node | SA node= pacemaker of heart, sets HR, in right atrium causes atrial depolarization (contraction), send signal to -> AV node= delay in signal fro .01 secs, before we send signal to rest of heart- gives time for ventricles to fully fill before a beat |
| wave of depolarization through heart (3 and 4) Bundle of HIS (atrioventricular bundle) purkinje fivers | bundle of HIS- special insulated muscle cells located in septum insulation allows signal to stay w/in, and separates atrial and ventric. depol. purkinje fibers- branch off the apex electrical conduction and propogation of impulse to ventricular muscles |
| what is the function of the lymphatic system | Returns excess fluid to blood Filters pathogens (immune defense) Absorbs fats from digestion |
| list in order the movement of food through digestive system | Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach 1. body 2. pyloric Small intestine 1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. ilium Large intestine 1. Ascending 2. Transverse 3. descending rectum |
| functions of digestive organs mouth esophagus stomach | mouth- Initiates digestion by mechanically breaking down food through chewing (mastication) mixes food with saliva esophagus- transport food stomach- mechanically and chemically break down food |
| functions of digestive organs small intestine large intestine gallbladder | small intestine- absorb nutrients large intestine- absorb water gallbladder- stores bile made by liver, secretes into small intestines, helps digest fats |
| List the passage of air through the respiratory track | Nasal/oral cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli |
| tidal volume (TV) | normal breathing; air volume moved in inspiration or expiration |
| inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) | the amount of air you can breathe beyond normal inhalation |
| expiratory reserve volume (ERV) | the amount of air you can breathe beyond normal exhalation |
| residual volume | the air left in your lungs after you completely exhale |
| vital capacity/ forced vital capacity (FVC) | maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration |
| FEV 1 | number used in spirometry (FEV1/FVC x 100) means = Forced Expiratory Volume in one second. It measures the amount of air a person can forcibly exhale in the first second of a breath. |
| what is the difference between internal and external respiration? | external- gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood internal- gas exchange between the blood and the tissues Mechanical action vs use metabolism of O2 |
| what are the functions of the respiratory system? | Brings in oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Works with blood for gas exchange |
| what are the functions of the renal system? | Filters blood → makes urine Removes waste + toxins Regulates water, electrolytes, pH |
| list the role of fluid in the body | a. Part of blood b. Electrolyte balance c. Spinal cord and brain d. Regulation of body temp |
| what are the values of significance related to refractometry | 1.02 and above is considered dehydrated |
| Understand the function of the following hormones a. GnRH b. LH c. FSH | GnRH- signals ant. pituitary to release LH and FSH LH-secretion of testosterone, ovulation FSH-follicle development, supports spermatogenesis testosterone |
| Understand the function of the following hormones d. Testosterone e. Estrogen f. Progresterone | testosterone- supports spermatogenesis; development/maintenance of reproductive organs estrogen- development of mammary glands, ovulation feedback, increase of endometrial cells in uterus progesterone- same as estrogen, but hypertrophy of e. cells |
| List and describe all the options used to assess hydration status | urine specific gravity- refractometry (1.02 and above is considered dehydrated) weight- before and after activity (same scale and same clothing) blood plasma- plasma osmolality (measures the concentration of solutes in the blood.) |
| Identify the major structures of the urinary and renal system and their function | a. Kidney (2)- filter waste from blood b. Ureter (2)- transport urine from kidney to bladder c. Bladder- stores urine d. Urethra- tube that transports urine from blader to outside of body |
| Describe absorption, reabsorption, and secretion as it relates to the renal/ urinary system | absorption- absorbing water and solutes reabsorption- back into blood (what you just filtered out. it's how they control blood volume) secretion- removal of waste. kidneys secrete waste from blood into filtrate for removal |
| Describe the Nephron including the Bowman’s Capsule and the Tubular System nephron, functional unit of the kidney, structure that produces urine | Each nephron=a long tubule. At one end the tube is closed, and folded into a double-walled cuplike structure. This =Bowman’s capsule encloses a cluster of microscopic blood vessels— glomerulus. capsule +glomerulus = renal corpuscle |
| Glomerulus enclosed within Bowman’s capsule | Blood flows into and away from the glomerulus through tiny arteries called arterioles, which reach and leave the glomerulus through the open end of the capsule In renal corpuscle, fluid filters out of blood in glomerulus and into the nephron tubule. |
| Proximal convoluted tubule | Located immediately after the Bowman’s capsule, it reabsorbs about 65-70% of filtered water and solutes |
| Loop of Henle | concentrates urine and conserves water descending limb is permeable to water but not salts, allows water to be reabsorbed ascending limb is impermeable to water + actively transports salts out into surrounding tissue = concentration gradient |
| Distal convoluted tubule | Found after the loop of Henle, it further adjusts the composition of urine by reabsorbing sodium and calcium. |
| Collecting duct | collects urine (waste) from multiple nephrons goes to calyx (minor then major) then renal pelvis then flows into ureter then goes to bladder |
Created by:
emma.thornton