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A&P Exam 3
renal, lymphatic, endocrine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| juxtaglomerular cells produces _______ in response to | renin; decreased blood pressure |
| angiotensinogen is made by the | liver |
| renin converts angiotensinogen to | angiotensin I |
| ACE is produced in the ______ and converts angiotensin I to | angiotensin II |
| what does angiotensin II do | regulates blood pressure (vasoconstrictor), increases aldosterone + ADH secretion, increases thirst |
| renin regulates what? | sodium |
| ADH | antidiuretic hormone; promotes the recovery of water --> decreases urine volume, maintains plasma osmolarity + blood pressure |
| erythropoietin (EPO) | stimulates the formation of RBC's --> increases oxygen levels |
| what produes EPO? | 85% kidneys 15% liver |
| filtration | fenestrae in the glomeruli gets rid of things smaller than albumin |
| filtration rate in men is | 125 mL/min |
| in tubular reabsorption _____ of filtered material is reabsorbed back into blood | 97-99% |
| where does tubular reabsorption occur | in the proximal and distal convoluted tubes, loop of Henle, and the collecting ducts |
| loop of henle in reabsorption | drives it by creating a salt concentration; ascending pumps of Na+, water goes out the descending loop |
| once filtrate reaches the _________ it is considered urine | collecting ducts |
| juxtaglomerular apparatus is made up of | juxtaglomerular cells + macula densa |
| functions of the kidneys | remove metabolic wastes, maintain fluid and electrolyte + acid base balance, erythropoietin + renin |
| urine is made up of | water, nitrogenous wastes, toxins, electrolytes, pigments, hormones, abnormal constituents |
| for every __ Na+, you get __ K+ | 3; 2 |
| extracellular | water and electrolytes outside cells (potassium) |
| intracellular | water and electrolytes in cells (sodium) |
| transcellular | CSF, eyeball fluid, synovial and serous fluid, exocrine gland secretions |
| antigens vs antibodies | antigens are on the cell antibodies are in plasma |
| 1st line of defense | mechanical barriers (skin + mucous membranes); prevents entry of pathogens into the body; not specific |
| 2nd line of defense | chemical barriers/ inflammatory reaction; stomach acid, enzymes, tears w/ lysosomes, sweat, interferon, fever, inflammation, phagocytosis, |
| histamine is a | vasodilator |
| kinins promote | cell division |
| natural killer cells (NKC's) | kill infected cells and tumour cells by cell to cell contact |
| 3rd line of defense | immunity or adaptive defenses;antigens and antibodies, lymphocytes (T & B), |
| immunity is the result of | actions of B and T cells |
| 4 steps of inflammation | 1. edema/ swelling 2. erythema (reddening) 3. fever 4. pain |
| B cells | produced and mature in bone marrow antibody mediated immune response |
| T cells | produced in bone marrow + mature in the thymus |
| HIV | human immunodeficiency virus wipes out immune system --> attacks CD4 cells |
| AIDS | acquired immunodeficiency syndrome final most damaged stage of HIV when T cells reach <200 |
| when stimulated, B cells | differentiate, producing Ab-secreting plasma cells + memory B cells |
| neutrophils | rapid responders to the site of infection + efficient phagocytes for bacteria |
| eosinophils | contain antihistamines; combat parasites |
| basophils | intensify inflammatory response (histamine) |
| lymphocytes | essential for immune response (NKC, B and T cells) |
| monocytes | primary defense against infection viral or fungal infections |
| interleukin (IL-1) | pro-inflammatory cytokine; acute phase reactant and promotes inflammation |
| Interleukin 2 (IL-2) | T cell growth factor |
| lymph | located within lymphatic vessels (excess interstitial fluid) |
| interstitial fluid | located between cells (leakage of water + solutes from capillaries) |
| Helper T cells (CD4+) | activate other cells, releasing cytokines |
| cytotoxic T cells (CD8) | kill infected cells |
| macrophages + neutrophils do what as a first line of defense | engulf pathogens |
| interferon | "go help yourself" |
| alpha cells | produces the hormone glucagon |
| beta cells | produces insulin |
| glucagon vs insulin | raises blood sugar levels lowers blood sugar levels |
| posterior pituitary hormones | oxytocin and ADH |
| oxytocin | stimulates uterine contractions & dilation of the cervix; released throughout childbirth as a positive feedback mechanism |
| melatonin | pineal gland involved in rhythmic activities |
| thyroxine (T4) + triiodothyronine | thyroid stimulates metabolism |
| calcitonin | thyroid reduces blood calcium levels |
| parathyroid (PTH) | parathyroid raises blood calcium levels |
| thymosin | thymus programs T cells |
| epinephrine + norepinephrine | adrenal medulla increases glucose levels and metabolism; vasoconstriction |
| glucocorticoids | adrenal cortex increases blood glucose |
| mineralocorticoids | adrenal cortex promotes reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ |
| androgens | testes sperm formation; development and maintenance of sex characteristics |
| estrogens | ovaries uterine lining growth + sex characteristics |
| progesterone | ovaries promotes uterine lining + growth |
| hormones | travel through the bloodstream to regulate long term processes throughout the body |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that rapidly transmit signals between neurons |
| what can be both hormones and neurotransmitters | epinephrine + norepinephrine |
| example of positive feedback | oxytocin during childbirth |
| negative feedback loop of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone | calcitonin deposits calcium in osteoblasts, bringing elevated levels back down to normal PTH stimulates osteoclasts when calcium is decreased, brining levels back up to normal |
| primary messengers | extracellular, hydrophobic molecules (hormones, neurotransmitters) that bind to to surface cell receptors to initate signaling, acting from outside the cell |
| secondary messengers | small, intracellular molecules (Ca2+) that propagate and amplify that signal within the cytosol to elicit a response |
| steroids | not water soluble; travel by a transport protein walk through, dont need a secondary messenger |
| nonsteroids | amino acid based have an external receptor protein |
Created by:
kingsleya27