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Final Exam Bio

QuestionAnswer
Allele Alternative forms of genes that code for a specific trait.
Chromosome Tightly packaged molecules of DNA.
Gene The functional unit of heredity; a region of DNA encoding a trait.
Aneuploidy An abnormal chromosome number resulting from nondisjunction during meiosis.
Recombination The production of offspring with new combinations of traits not seen in the parents.
Genotype The genetic make-up or specific alleles present in an individual
Phenotype The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism
Mendel’s Principles Gregor Mendel developed genetics by studying pea plants, identifying that traits are inherited as discrete units (genes) and formulated the laws of Segregation and Independent Assortment.
Incomplete dominance Heterozygotes show an intermediate/blended phenotype.
Codominance Both alleles are clearly expressed (e.g., AB blood type).
Pleiotropy One single gene affects multiple physical characteristics.
Epistasis One gene masks or interferes with the expression of another gene.
Polygenic inheritance Multiple genes determine a single trait (e.g., skin color).
Inversion Chromosome Mutation A fragment reattaches to the original chromosome in reverse orientation.
Deletion Chromosome Mutation A chromosome fragment is lost.
Translocation Chromosome Mutation A fragment joins a non-homologous chromosome.
Pedigrees Used to track traits; if two unaffected parents have an affected child, the trait is recessive.
Griffith Discovered "transformation" where harmless bacteria became pathogenic by absorbing material from dead harmful bacteria.
Chargaff Discovered that analyzed the DNA of different organisms and found they had different composition of nitrogenous bases.
Hershey & Chase Used radioactive isotopes in viruses to prove that DNA (not protein) is the genetic material.
Rosalind Franklin Used X-ray crystallography to produce "Photo 51," showing DNA's helical structure.
Watson & Crick Developed the first accurate 3D model of the DNA double helix.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Replication Prokaryotic replication is circular, happens in the cytoplasm, and is faster; Eukaryotic is linear, happens in the nucleus, and has many origins of replication.
DNA polymerase Catalyzes synthesis of new DNA and proofreads for errors.
DNA ligase Glues DNA fragments (Okazaki fragments) together into a continuous strand.
Primase Synthesizes short RNA primers to provide a starting point for DNA polymerase.
Helicase Unwinds and separates the two DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds.
Topoisomerase Relieves the "over-winding" strain ahead of the replication fork.
Nuclease Cuts out damaged or mismatched sections of DNA.
Single strand binding proteins Bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA so they don't snap back together.
Mutation Types and ex for DNA Substitution – swap out nucleotides, Insertion – add new one, deletion – remove one. Spontaneous mutation = resulting from error in DNA replication. Mutagens = physical and chemical agents that can cause mutations in DNA (x-ray, UV light, Formaldehyde)
Epigenetics The study environmental reversable changes affect gene expression.
mRNA Messenger RNA; carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome.
tRNA Transfer RNA; brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome based on the mRNA codon.
rRNA Ribosomal RNA; forms the physical structure of the ribosome.
Alternative Splicing The mechanism where one gene can code for multiple proteins by treating different segments as exons or introns.
Created by: Erista
 

 



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