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exam 3 psy 318
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are N-rays and what do they show? | imaginary radiation claimed by Prosper René Blondlot, later proven false,Show humans are strong pattern seekers, but need pattern testing |
| What are pareidolia, and what do they show? | seeing patterns (like faces) in random stimuli,Show humans are strong pattern seekers, but need pattern testing |
| What were Drosnin’s claims about the Bible Code and what does evidence show? | Michael Drosnin claimed hidden messages in the Bible predict events Same method works on other texts → due to chance + selective searching |
| What is the hot hand and what does research show? | Belief in performance streaks (e.g., basketball) Evidence shows little or no real effect Belief persists due to pattern perception and memory bias |
| What is confirmation bias and how is it shown in Wason’s tasks? | Tendency to seek confirming evidence Shown in Peter Wason (2-4-6 and selection tasks) People fail to seek disconfirming evidence |
| What is the congeniality effect? | People find information that agrees with their beliefs more convincing |
| What is the representativeness heuristic? | Judging likelihood based on similarity to stereotypes instead of actual probability |
| What is graphology and why is it misleading? | Claim handwriting reveals personality Seems accurate due to vague descriptions and confirmation bias |
| What is the gambler’s fallacy? | Belief that past random events affect future ones (e.g., coin “due” to change) |
| What is regression to the mean and the regression fallacy? A: | Extreme outcomes naturally move toward average Regression fallacy: attributing this to causes (e.g., punishment works better) |
| Why do coincidences feel “spooky”? | People focus on intersection (specific match) instead of union (many possibilities) |
| What did Ruma Falk find? | People overestimate how rare coincidences are |
| Do psychic systems need to be true to seem accurate? A: | No they work via vagueness, feedback, and confirmation bias |
| What did James Randi demonstrate? | People accept very general personality descriptions as personally accurate (Barnum effect) |
| How are zodiac traits originally derived? | From symbolic meanings of constellations |
| How is Aries defined in tropical astrology? | 30-degree section of sky starting at the vernal equinox |
| What is the role of houses in astrology? | They define life domains where traits are expressed |
| How were traits for planets like Uranus determined? | Based on Roman gods the planets were named after |
| What did McGervey find? | No relationship between zodiac signs and occupations |
| How well do astrologers match introverts vs extroverts? | At chance levels |
| What happened in Nanninga’s study? | Astrologers expected success but performed no better than guessing |
| What did Geoffrey Dean find? | People rated readings equally accurate whether they were theirs or someone else’s |
| What is cold reading? | Asking questions and using feedback to appear accurate |
| What is hot reading? | Using prior information about the person Used by John Edward and James Van Praagh |
| How did Edward know who the cop was?(dateline) | He didn’t he asked “Who’s the cop?” |
| What object did edward mention?(dateline) | A ring |
| What is the skeptical explanation for Tony’s reading?(dateline) | Prior contact (possible hot reading) |
| What “hit” was hot reading? | Knowing a woman lost her grandmother |
| What was unusual about “Charlie”? | Charlie was a dog, not a person |
| How was his success with the couple explained? | Guessing + feedback (cold reading) |
| What was a criticism of Beischel & Schwartz (2007)? | They did not report all collected data |
| What did Kelly & Archangel (2011) find? | Accuracy only improved when a photo was provided |
| What is a key aspect of cold reading? | Asking many questions and using feedback |
| How does the billet trick work (Terence Hines)? | The psychic memorizes one message and stays ahead of the others |
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