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Def PTh Exam 2

TermDefinition
1. Natural Law Moral propositions are objectively true or false, standards of morality are from nature of human beings and the world, and law is rooted in moral order.
2. Legal Positivism Law based on social and political facts, legal system depends on the need and requirements of governance, and law is decree of a sovereign government.
3. Freedom of Conscience Freedom of believing what you want.
4. Freedom of Taste Freedom of the plan you have for life.
5. Freedom of association Freedom of connections.
6. The Harm Principle Interference of someone’s liberty should only happen if it is to prevent the harm of others.
7. Spontaneous Order Society functions best when left to evolve naturally.
8. Republican freedom A free society with political institutions that guarantee the independence of each citizen.
9. Civic education Deliberate programs within schools and colleges to develop civic habits, values, knowledge, and skills relevant to democracy
10. Negative liberty Absence of external obstacles, barriers, or constraints.
11. Positive liberty Presence of self-control, self-mastery, and self-realization.
12. Paradox of positive liberty There is two selves and a hierarchy, higher self and lower self.
13. Egalitarianism Advocates for equality, assumes the inherent equality in all human beings.
14. Diversity The presence of differences within a given setting.
15. Equity Ensuring fair treatment, access, and opportunities for all individuals.
16. Inclusion Creating environments where all individuals feel welcomed.
17. Affirmative action Policies to address historical inequalities by providing opportunities to underrepresented groups in education, employment, and government.
18.Equality of what? Welfare, Resources, Capabilities, Opportunity, and Democratic
a. Equality of welfare(As pleasure) Humans naturally seek pleasure and avoid pain.
b. Equality of Resources Secure for everyone equal resources and equal opportunity to convert those resources into welfare.
c. Equality of Capabilities Secure a sufficient level of capabilities for all.
d. Equality of opportunity Position with advantages should be open to all and awarded based on qualifications
e. Democratic Equality Equality objects to the focus on individuals and deals with relations among individuals.
19. Characteristics of Modern Theories of Justice Focus on institutions rather than individuals, and emphasis on the distribution of goods.
20. Libertarianism Theory of right to private property, state protection of individual rights, and minimal state.
21. Liberalism Theory of liberty, satte redistribution of private property, and big state.
22. Marxism Theory of equality, abolition of the institution of private property, and very big state.
23. Consequentialism The morality of an act is decided based on the consequences of that act.
24. Categorical Moral reasoning The morality of an act is decided based on the intrinsic quality of that act, morality & duties/rights regardless of consequences
25. Utilitarianism Maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.
26. The original position The veil of ignorance with a goal to ensure that people are sufficiently free of bias, prejudice, and racist or sexist views.
27. Veil of ignorance The most important feature of the original position, each person in this position is ignorant of differences and systems.
28. The maximin rule In a situation of uncertainty, rational decision makers try to maximize the minimum they might get.
29. Sociopolitical Contingencies Being a member of a privileged family or the majority.
30. Natural Contingencies Having a higher IQ than others.
31. Logic of uncertainty Maximin Rule.
Created by: Sunny_Yeah
 

 



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