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Trial 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the mammalian respiratory pathway? | Nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, to alveoli |
| What are alveoli? | Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs between the lungs and capillaries |
| How is oxygen primarily carried in the blood? | By hemoglobin within Red Blood Cells (RBCs) |
| How is the majority of carbon dioxide transported in the blood? | By being converted into bicarbonate ions |
| What is the function of cilia and mucus in the respiratory tract? | To prevent pathogens and debris from entering the lungs |
| What is Vital Capacity (VC)? | The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation |
| What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)? | The total volume of air the lungs can hold, including residual volume |
| Why can we not accurately measure Total Lung Capacity? | Because residual volume (air that never leaves the lungs) cannot be exhaled to be measured |
| What is an osmoconformer? | An organism whose body osmolarity is isotonic to its environment |
| What is an osmoregulator? | An organism that maintains an internal osmolarity different from its environment |
| What are the three main nitrogenous waste products? | Ammonia, Urea, and Uric Acid |
| How is Ammonia excreted? | Directly into water by most aquatic animals |
| How is Urea excreted? | With a significant amount of water by mammals and amphibians |
| How is Uric Acid excreted? | As a semi-solid paste with very little water to conserve water |
| What is a flame cell? | A primitive excretory structure found in flatworms |
| What is the mammalian urinary pathway? | Kidney → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra |
| What is a nephron? | The functional unit of the kidney |
| What is the renal corpuscle? | The part of the nephron consisting of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule |
| What is the function of the glomerulus? | A network of capillaries that filters blood to create filtrate |
| What is the proximal convoluted tubule? | The site where most tubular reabsorption of nutrients and water occurs |
| What is the loop of Henle? | A tubule with descending and ascending limbs that helps concentrate urine |
| What is the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)? | A hormone cascade used to regulate blood pressure and volume |
| What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)? | The brain and spinal cord |
| What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)? | All nervous tissue outside the CNS |
| What are the three layers of the meninges? | Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater |
| What is the function of the Frontal Lobe? | Logic, planning, and motor control |
| What is the function of the Parietal Lobe? | Processing somatosensory information like touch |
| What is the function of the Temporal Lobe? | Processing auditory information and memory |
| What is the function of the Occipital Lobe? | Processing visual information |
| What is the function of astrocytes? | To provide structural support and maintain the blood-brain barrier |
| What is the function of microglia? | To act as immune cells that destroy dead cells and pathogens |
| What is the difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes? | Schwann cells provide myelin in the PNS; oligodendrocytes provide myelin in the CNS |
| What is an axon? | The part of a neuron that sends signals away from the cell body |
| What is a dendrite? | The part of a neuron that receives signals from other cells |
| What is the resting membrane potential? | The electrical charge across a neuron membrane at rest, usually around -70mV |
| What is saltatory conduction? | The "jumping" of an action potential along myelinated nodes to increase speed |
| What is sensory transduction? | Converting a stimulus into an electrical signal in the nervous system |
| What is a mechanoreceptor? | A receptor that detects pressure, touch, or vibration |
| What is a nociceptor? | A receptor that detects pain or injurious stimuli |
| Which sense bypasses the thalamus and goes directly to the cortex? | Smell (Olfaction) |
| What is the Organ of Corti? | The structure in the cochlea containing hair cells for hearing |
| What is the function of the vestibular system? | Maintaining balance and detecting head position |
| What are rods? | Photoreceptors for dim light and peripheral vision |
| What are cones? | Photoreceptors for color and daytime vision |
| What is the axial skeleton? | The central axis bones including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage |
| What is the appendicular skeleton? | The bones of the limbs and girdles |
| What is an osteoblast? | A cell that builds new bone tissue |
| What is an osteoclast? | A cell that breaks down bone to release minerals |
| What is an osteocyte? | A mature bone cell |
| What is the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification? | Intramembranous forms bone from membranes; endochondral forms bone from cartilage |
| What is a synovial joint? | A freely movable joint with a fluid-filled cavity |
| What is a sarcomere? | The functional contractile unit of a muscle fiber |
| What are the thick filaments in muscle? | Myosin What are the thin filaments in muscle? |
| What is the role of Troponin? | It binds to calcium to move tropomyosin away from actin binding sites |
Created by:
lily_scav