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APUSH Unit 6
Gilded Age and Progressive Era 1865-1920
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Wounded Knee (1890) | government killed hundreds of Lakota Indians do to speculation of Ghost Dance movement and a rifle incident |
| Helen Hunt Jackson | poet and Native American activist who wrote A Century of Dishonor; lived on frontier and met a Ponca chief who told her of his troubles |
| Frederick Jackson Turner | early 20th century historian who coined the Frontier Thesis; emphasized Western expansion as a big factor in America's history |
| Dawes Severalty Act | divided Native American owned land into allotments given to Natives to help them assimilate; remaining land given to others; destroyed tribal self-governance and took away their land |
| Homestead Act | gave 160 acres of land to anyone who went west as an incentive for settlement |
| Waving the Bloody Shirt | referring to the civil war to win presidential elections and discourage voting Democrat |
| Black Friday Scandal | Jay Gould and Jim Fisk Corner the Market on Gold with the help of Corbin, president Grant's brother in law who convinced Grant not to sell gold at all |
| Boss Tweed | Boss of Tammany Hall and corrupt politician who stole a lot of money from New York and swayed votes |
| Tammany Hall | political organization that provided housing and other services in exchange for votes |
| Thomas Nast | important political cartoonist "father of the American cartoon" |
| Credit Mobilier Scandal | credit Mobilier was a company assigned to completing a part of the railroad; stole money from government by over charging Union Pacific who was also part of the Scandal |
| Whiskey Ring Fraud | people redirect taxes on Whiskey to themselves |
| Horace Greeley | founder and editor of New York Tribune. Lost to US Grant in presidential election |
| Panic of 1873 | called the long depression; caused by bank crash and lack of railroad financing |
| Half-breeds | faction of republican party opposed to stalwarts; based government appointment on merit and supported civil reform |
| stalwarts | led by Roscoe Conkling; conservative faction of republican party that advocated for African American civil rights and spoils system; opposed civil reform |
| Mugwumps | reform faction of republican party opposed to James G. Blaine and supported democratic Grover Cleveland |
| Compromise of 1877 | corrupt bargain; resolved 1876 by agreeing to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as president in exchange for withdrawing troops from South and terminating reconstruction |
| Jim Crow Laws | laws in South to keep white race superior and limit African American civil rights |
| Plessey Vs Ferguson | ruled separate but equal |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | first immigrant exclusion of a race; prohibited Chinese because of issues between Chinese and other people trying to get jobs |
| Pnedleton Act | created merit based system for designating federal office |
| Transcontinental RR | connected atlantic to pacific coast; built by Union Pacific and Central Pacific |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | Robber Barron who focused on shipping and railroads; "The commodore" |
| Great RR strike of 1877 | violent and widespread labor protest due to cuts in wages; stopped by U.S. military |
| Wabash Case (1886) | Limited states rights to control interstate commerce and let to formation of the Interstate commerce commission |
| Interstate Commerce Act | regulated railroads and ensured reasonable and just rates |
| Robber Baron | american industrialists who used manipulative means to dominate an industry |
| Andrew Carnegie | Robber barron who focused on steel |
| JP Morgan | Robber barron of corporate finances and banking |
| John D Rockefeller | robber barron of oil |
| Horizontal Integration | business strategy in which companies of similar size and scale combine to reduce competition and increase market share |
| James B Duke | invented the cigarette |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | prohibits monopolies and encourages competition |
| Gospel of Wealth | philanthropy book written by Carnegie that says the wealthy have a responsibility to use their money for the greater good. |
| Social Darwinism | doctrine that everyone gets what they deserve according to how hard they work so don't give money to poor because they will just waste it |
| William Graham Sumner | social scientist at Yale and advocate for social darwanism |
| Horatio Alger | author known for books that follow the plot of rags to richs; supported social darwanism |
| New South | coined by Henry Grady; diversifying Southern industry and imitating Northern society and economy |
| Knights of Labor | first major labor organization that united workers; led by Uriah Smith Stephens and included all laborers skilled and unskilled |
| Haymarket Square Bombing (1886) | bomb thrown at policemen in Chicago; 8 labor activists convicted and was a setback to organized labor rights movements |
| AF of L | American Federation of Labor; labor union led by Samuel Gompers and exclusive to skilled crafters; rival of KOL |
| Samuel Gompers | leader of AFL began by making cigar |
| Eugene V Debs | socialist party candidate for president and labor leader; founded American Railroad Union and led the Pullman Strike |
| Pullman Strike | 1894 response to wage cuts; railroad strike and boycott |
| Ellis Island | New York Harbor with statue of Liberty; Immigration station opens in 1892 |
| Angel Island | Ellis Island of the west; Immigration station around San Francisco Bay |
| Settlement House Movement | provided educational support, health care and other opportunities to immigrants |
| Jane Addams | first woman to win Nobel Peace Prize; social reformer who founded the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and cautioned against harsh terms for Germany after WWI; big pacifist |
| Social Gospel | protestant christian doctrine from 1870-1920; applied christian ethics and biblical principles to social reform |
| Booker T Washington | leader of Black Elite, author, and educator; born into slavery but became president of Tuskegee University; believed in slow more conservative integration into society |
| WEB Dubois | African American activist who challenged Booker T. Washington's ideas and believed African Americans should embrace their identity rather than conforming for education or integration with society; founded NAACP and wrote the souls of black folk |
| Granger Movement | Patrons of Husbandry; started by Oliver Hudson Kelley and discussed issues related to farmers at Granges; fought against monopolistic railroads and grain transportation |
| Greenback Labor Party | anti-monopoly political party opposing deflation; favored paper money and easier debt payment; supported farmers and associated with granges |
| James B Weaver | Iowa politician and representative of the House and two time candidate for president; led Greenback Party and People's party |
| Farmers Alliances | organized movements that worked to better economic and social conditions for farmers. Grange, people's party, greenback party, etc. |
| Mary Elizabeth Lease | populist speaker, writer and women's suffrage advocate; Make less corn and more hell |
| Pitchfork Ben Tillman | South Carolina Democratic Senator who supported agrarian reform and white supremacy; founded Clemson and openly opposed Grover Cleveland |
| Tom Watson | voice of populist party, agrarian reform, and created rural free delivery; also made magazine the Jeffersonian |
| Populism | pure people vs. corrupt elite |
| Omaha Platform | program of People's party; advocated for 8 hour days, graduated income tax, and other reforms |
| Homestead Strike | labor strike between Carnegie steel and workers; setback for labor union |
| Pinkertons | detective agency against unions |
| Coxey's Army | army of unemployed workers who marched to Washington D.C. as a protest during the depression. led by Jacob S. Coxey; wanted congress to create jobs by starting public roadbuilding programs |
| Cross of Gold Speech | William Jennings Bryan's speech against solid gold as currency; advocated for silver |
| Jacob Riss | Danish immigrant to US and social reformer, journalist, and photographer; wrote "How the Other Half Lives" to create awareness of poverty and slum conditions leading to reform in tenement housing |
| Muckrakers | journalists, writers, and photographers who exposed corruption and wrongdoing for the sake of reform during Progressive Era |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | terrible fire in Triangle Shirtwaist factory in Manhattan; 146 workers died; could have been prevented if safety was followed; led to laws to protect workers |
| Lochner vs NY | Supreme Court ruling that NY labor law violated 14th amendment by violating workers' right to contract; Lochner overworked his bakers; ruling set a precedent for overworking and did not give the state power to stop this |
| Square Deal | Theodore Roosevelt's policy advocating for Conservation, Corporate Regulation and Consumer Protection; used federal power to ensure fairness and create National Parks |
| 1902 Coal Strike | United Mine workers of America go on strike for higher wages, shorter work days, and recognition of union; threatened to shut down winter fuel supply in Pennsylvania because mine operators didn't meet with them; resulted in better wages and work days |
| Elkins Act | prohibited rebates from railroad companies to prevent unfair prices and discrimination |
| The Jungle | Upton Sinclair's novel about unsanitary Chicago meat leading to the meat inspection act |
| Meat Inspection Act | federal law prohibiting the sale of meat that is unsanitary, unsafe, or falsely advertised |
| John Muir | immigrant from Scotland who was an author and naturalist who advocated for wilderness conservation; "Father of the National parks"; established yosemite and founded Sierra Club |
| Gifford Pinchot | Governor of Pennsylvania, fourth chief of the U.S. division of forestry, and firs head of the U.S. Forest Service; advocated for preservation of resources by efficient use |
| Dollar Diplomacy | William Howard Taft's policy to use economic power to create stability and minimize military threat; wanted to establish foreign influence in Latin America and Asia |
| Robert Lafollette | lawyer and politician known as "Fighting Bob"; presidential candidate for Progressive Party |
| New Freedom | Woodrow Wilson's policy for economic reform; breaking monopolies, helping labor workers, and lowering tariffs; led to 16th amendment |
| 16th amendment | income tax |
| 17th amendment | direct election of senators |
| Federal Reserve Act | established federal reserve system as central bank which regulated banks and stabilized economy; made up of twelve regional banks that manage money |
| NAWSA | National American Woman Suffrage Association |
| Carrie Chapman Catt | president of NAWSA |
| Alice Paul | confrontational women's suffrage activist who wanted an amendment and led first women's suffrage parade in Washington D.C. |
| 19th amendment | women can vote |
| 18th amendment | alcohol prohibition |
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