What are the general characteristics of kingdom Animalia?

Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls; most are motile at some stage of life and have specialized tissues.

How do animals obtain food?

They are heterotrophs, meaning they must consume other organisms or organic material.

Do animal cells have cell walls?

No, animal cells do not have cell walls.

What is one major movement-related characteristic of animals?

Most animals are capable of movement at some point in their life cycle.

What kind of organization do animals usually have?

Specialized cells organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems.

What features are commonly used to classify animals on a phylogenetic tree?

Body symmetry, tissue layers, body cavity, embryological development, segmentation, cephalization, and major structural/anatomical traits.

What is body symmetry?

The way an animal’s body parts are arranged relative to a central point, axis, or plane.

What are the three basic types of animal symmetry?

Asymmetry, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry.

A body plan with no plane that divides the animal into equal halves.

What is radial symmetry?

Body parts are arranged around a central axis; multiple planes can divide the body into similar halves.

Give an example of an animal with radial symmetry.

Jellyfish, sea anemone, or hydra.

What is bilateral symmetry?

Only one plane divides the body into right and left mirror-image halves.

Give an example of an animal with bilateral symmetry.

Human, earthworm, insect, fish, or flatworm.

What does the ectoderm generally form?

Outer body coverings and, in more complex animals, nervous tissue.

What does the endoderm generally form?

Forms the lining of the digestive tract and associated organs (e.g., liver, pancreas, and parts of the respiratory system)

Is there anything between the two tissue layers of a diploblastic animal?

Yes. There is a noncellular or jelly-like layer called mesoglea between them.

A jelly-like material between the ectoderm and endoderm in diploblastic animals.

Give an example of a diploblastic organism.

Jellyfish, hydra, or sea anemone.

What are the three germ layers in a triploblastic animal?

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

What does the ectoderm form in triploblastic animals?

Outer covering and nervous system.

What does the mesoderm form in triploblastic animals?

Muscles, connective tissues, many internal organs, circulatory structures, and other body systems.

What does the endoderm form in triploblastic animals?

Forms the lining of the digestive tract and associated organs (e.g., liver, pancreas, parts of the respiratory system)

Why are sponges considered the structurally simplest animals?

They lack true tissues and organs, have a very simple body plan, and rely on water flow through pores for feeding and gas exchange.

What are the three major groups within phylum Platyhelminthes often emphasized in intro biology?

Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda.

What is the common name for class Turbellaria?

Planarians or free-living flatworms.

What are key features of Turbellaria?

Mostly free-living, soft-bodied, flattened worms with bilateral symmetry and simple organ systems.

What are key features of Trematoda?

Parasitic flatworms, often with suckers for attachment and complex life cycles involving multiple hosts.

What are key features of Cestoda?

Parasitic flatworms with a scolex for attachment and a body made of reproductive segments called proglottids; adults often live in the intestines of vertebrates.

What general body shape do organisms in phylum Platyhelminthes have?

They are dorsoventrally flattened.

What are the two hosts commonly involved in a tapeworm life cycle?

An intermediate host and a definitive host, often pig or cow plus human.

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bio final 3

Question	Answer
What are the general characteristics of kingdom Animalia?	Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls; most are motile at some stage of life and have specialized tissues.
Are animals prokaryotic or eukaryotic?	Eukaryotic.
Are animals unicellular or multicellular?	Multicellular.
How do animals obtain food?	They are heterotrophs, meaning they must consume other organisms or organic material.
Do animal cells have cell walls?	No, animal cells do not have cell walls.
What is one major movement-related characteristic of animals?	Most animals are capable of movement at some point in their life cycle.
What kind of organization do animals usually have?	Specialized cells organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems.
What features are commonly used to classify animals on a phylogenetic tree?	Body symmetry, tissue layers, body cavity, embryological development, segmentation, cephalization, and major structural/anatomical traits.
What is body symmetry?	The way an animal’s body parts are arranged relative to a central point, axis, or plane.
What are the three basic types of animal symmetry?	Asymmetry, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry.
What is asymmetry?	A body plan with no plane that divides the animal into equal halves.
Give an example of an asymmetrical animal.	Sponge.
What is radial symmetry?	Body parts are arranged around a central axis; multiple planes can divide the body into similar halves.
Give an example of an animal with radial symmetry.	Jellyfish, sea anemone, or hydra.
What is bilateral symmetry?	Only one plane divides the body into right and left mirror-image halves.
Give an example of an animal with bilateral symmetry.	Human, earthworm, insect, fish, or flatworm.
Which type of symmetry is associated with a definite head end?	Bilateral symmetry.
An animal formed from only two tissue layers is called what?	Diploblastic.
What are the two tissue layers in a diploblastic animal?	Ectoderm and endoderm.
Where is the ectoderm located in a diploblastic animal?	It is the outer tissue layer.
Where is the endoderm located in a diploblastic animal?	It is the inner tissue layer.
What does the ectoderm generally form?	Outer body coverings and, in more complex animals, nervous tissue.
What does the endoderm generally form?	Forms the lining of the digestive tract and associated organs (e.g., liver, pancreas, and parts of the respiratory system)
Is there anything between the two tissue layers of a diploblastic animal?	Yes. There is a noncellular or jelly-like layer called mesoglea between them.
What is mesoglea?	A jelly-like material between the ectoderm and endoderm in diploblastic animals.
Give an example of a diploblastic organism.	Jellyfish, hydra, or sea anemone.
An animal formed from three tissue layers is called what?	Triploblastic.
What are the three germ layers in a triploblastic animal?	Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
What does the ectoderm form in triploblastic animals?	Outer covering and nervous system.
What does the mesoderm form in triploblastic animals?	Muscles, connective tissues, many internal organs, circulatory structures, and other body systems.
What does the endoderm form in triploblastic animals?	Forms the lining of the digestive tract and associated organs (e.g., liver, pancreas, parts of the respiratory system)
Which animal phylum is considered structurally the simplest?	Phylum Porifera.
What is the common name for phylum Porifera?	Sponges.
Why are sponges considered the structurally simplest animals?	They lack true tissues and organs, have a very simple body plan, and rely on water flow through pores for feeding and gas exchange.
What does “Porifera” mean?	“Pore-bearing.”
What are the three major groups within phylum Platyhelminthes often emphasized in intro biology?	Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda.
What is the common name for class Turbellaria?	Planarians or free-living flatworms.
What are key features of Turbellaria?	Mostly free-living, soft-bodied, flattened worms with bilateral symmetry and simple organ systems.
Give an example of a turbellarian.	Planarian.
What is the common name for class Trematoda?	Flukes.
What are key features of Trematoda?	Parasitic flatworms, often with suckers for attachment and complex life cycles involving multiple hosts.
Give an example of a trematode.	Liver fluke or blood fluke.
What is the common name for class Cestoda?	Tapeworms.
What are key features of Cestoda?	Parasitic flatworms with a scolex for attachment and a body made of reproductive segments called proglottids; adults often live in the intestines of vertebrates.
Give an example of a cestode.	Tapeworm.
What does “Platyhelminthes” mean?	Flatworms.
What general body shape do organisms in phylum Platyhelminthes have?	They are dorsoventrally flattened.
Are flatworms bilaterally symmetrical?	Yes.
What are the two hosts commonly involved in a tapeworm life cycle?	An intermediate host and a definitive host, often pig or cow plus human.
In a common tapeworm life cycle involving humans, what is the definitive host?	Human.
In a common pork tapeworm life cycle, what is the intermediate host?	Pig.
In a common beef tapeworm life cycle, what is the intermediate host?	Cow.
How does a human commonly get a tapeworm?	By eating undercooked contaminated meat containing larval cysts.
What are the three main structures/body regions commonly associated with mollusks?	Muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle.
What is the muscular foot in mollusks used for?	Movement, attachment, burrowing, or grasping depending on the group.
What is the visceral mass in mollusks?	The region containing the internal organs.
What is the mantle in mollusks?	A tissue layer that covers the visceral mass and often secretes the shell.
What phylum includes snails, clams, and squids?	Mollusca.
What is a bivalve?	A mollusk with a shell made of two hinged halves.
Give examples of bivalves.	Clams, mussels, oysters, and scallops.
What does gastropod mean?	“Stomach-foot.”
Give examples of gastropods.	Snails, slugs, limpets, and nudibranchs.
What does cephalopod mean?	“Head-foot.”
Give examples of cephalopods.	Squid, octopus, cuttlefish, and nautilus.
Which mollusks are usually the most advanced in behavior and nervous system complexity?	Cephalopods.
What general features characterize phylum Annelida?	Segmented body, bilateral symmetry, true coelom, complete digestive tract, and many have bristles called setae.
What does the name Annelida refer to?	Segmented worms or “little rings.”
Give examples of annelids.	Earthworms, leeches, and marine polychaete worms.
What kind of body plan do annelids have?	A segmented body plan.
Do annelids have a complete digestive tract?	Yes.
What are setae in annelids?	Small bristles that help with movement and anchoring.
What does arthropod mean?	“Jointed foot” or “jointed appendage.”
What phylum does the term arthropod refer to?	Arthropoda.
What general features characterize phylum Arthropoda?	Segmented body, jointed appendages, exoskeleton made of chitin, bilateral symmetry, and molting.
What is the exoskeleton of arthropods made of?	Chitin.
Why do arthropods molt?	They must shed the exoskeleton in order to grow.
What are jointed appendages?	Limbs or body extensions with joints that allow flexible movement.
What are the major arthropod classes commonly discussed in basic biology?	Insecta, Arachnida, Crustacea, and Chilopoda/Diplopoda or Myriapoda.
What is class Insecta?	The arthropod class containing insects.
Give examples of insects.	Grasshopper, beetle, butterfly, ant, fly.
What are common features of insects?	Three body regions, six legs, one pair of antennae, and often wings.
What is class Arachnida?	The arthropod class containing spiders and their relatives.
Give examples of arachnids.	Spider, scorpion, tick, mite.
What are common features of arachnids?	Four pairs of legs, two main body regions, no antennae.
What is class Crustacea?	Crustacea = a class within the phylum Arthropoda, consisting mostly of aquatic arthropods
Give examples of crustaceans.	Crab, lobster, shrimp, crayfish, barnacle.
What are common features of crustaceans?	Usually aquatic, two pairs of antennae, and many have gills.
What group includes centipedes?	Chilopoda.
What group includes millipedes?	Diplopoda.
Give an example of a chilopod.	Centipede.
Give an example of a diplopod.	Millipede.
What phylum includes starfish and sea urchins?	Echinodermata.
Give examples of echinoderms.	Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, crinoids.
What does Echinodermata mean?	“Spiny skin.”
What symmetry do adult echinoderms usually have?	Pentaradial symmetry.
What symmetry do echinoderm larvae have?	Bilateral symmetry.
What is the water vascular system in echinoderms?	A hydraulic system of canals and tube feet used for movement, feeding, and other functions.
Through what opening does water usually enter the echinoderm water vascular system?	The madreporite.
What structures are powered by the echinoderm water vascular system?	Tube feet.
What functions does the water vascular system perform?	Locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, attachment, and sometimes waste removal/sensory functions.
What is subphylum Vertebrata?	The group of chordates with vertebrae and a cranium.
What are major characteristics of vertebrates?	Backbone (vertebral column); Skull (cranium); Endoskeleton of bone or cartilage; Highly developed nervous system (brain protected by skull)
What does cephalization mean?	Concentration of sensory organs and nervous tissue at the anterior end, forming a head.
What are major developments across vertebrate evolution?	Backbone, jaws, paired appendages, lungs, limbs, amniotic egg, endothermy, feathers, hair, and more complex brains.
Why were jaws important in vertebrate evolution?	They improved feeding efficiency and allowed vertebrates to exploit new food sources.
Why were paired fins/appendages important in vertebrate evolution?	They improved stability, steering, and later movement onto land.
Why were lungs important in vertebrate evolution?	They allowed air breathing and supported life in low-oxygen water or on land.
Why was the amniotic egg important in vertebrate evolution?	It allowed reproduction on land without needing water for the embryo.
Why was endothermy important in vertebrate evolution?	It allowed animals to maintain a stable body temperature and remain active in varied environments.
What are Chondrichthyes?	Cartilaginous fishes.
What skeleton material do Chondrichthyes have?	Cartilage.
Give examples of Chondrichthyes.	Sharks, rays, and skates.
What are key characteristics of Chondrichthyes?	Cartilaginous skeleton, jaws, paired fins, gills, and no swim bladder.
What are Osteichthyes?	Bony fishes.
What skeleton material do Osteichthyes have?	Bone.
Give examples of Osteichthyes.	Salmon, bass, trout, tuna, goldfish.
What are key characteristics of Osteichthyes?	Bony skeleton, gills, paired fins, and usually a swim bladder.
What are amphibians?	Vertebrates that typically live part of life in water and part on land.
Give examples of amphibians.	Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts.
What are key characteristics of amphibians?	Moist skin, eggs usually laid in water, larval gills, metamorphosis, adults often use lungs and skin for gas exchange.
What are reptiles?	Ectothermic vertebrates with dry scaly skin and amniotic eggs.
Give examples of reptiles.	Snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodilians.
What are key characteristics of reptiles?	Dry scales, lungs, internal fertilization, amniotic egg, ectothermic metabolism.
What are Aves?	Birds.
Give examples of Aves.	Eagle, sparrow, pigeon, penguin, chicken.
What are key characteristics of birds?	Feathers, beak, wings, endothermy, hard-shelled amniotic eggs, and lightweight skeleton.
What are mammals?	Endothermic vertebrates with hair and mammary glands.
Give examples of mammals.	Human, dog, cat, whale, bat.
What are key characteristics of mammals?	Hair or fur and mammary glands (defining traits), along with endothermy and typically internal fertilization and live birth
What is the kingdom of humans?	Animalia.
Why are humans placed in kingdom Animalia?	Humans are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms without cell walls.
What is the phylum of humans?	Chordata.
Why are humans placed in phylum Chordata?	Because humans exhibit all four chordate traits during embryonic development:; Notochord; Dorsal hollow nerve cord; Pharyngeal pouches/slits; Post-anal tail
What is the subphylum of humans?	Vertebrata.
Why are humans placed in subphylum Vertebrata?	Because humans have a backbone and skull.
What is the class of humans?	Mammalia.
Why are humans placed in class Mammalia?	Because humans have hair and mammary glands.
What is the order of humans?	Primates.
What characteristic does the order Primates describe in humans?	Grasping hands, forward-facing eyes, and relatively large brains.
What is the family of humans?	Hominidae.
What is the common name for family Hominidae?	Great apes.
What is the genus of humans?	Homo.
What is the species of humans?	sapiens.
What is the scientific name of humans?	Homo sapiens.
What is a spicule?	A small supportive skeletal element in a sponge, often made of silica or calcium carbonate.
What is the function of spicules?	Support and protection.
Give an example of an organism with spicules.	Sponge.
What is a cnidocyte?	A specialized stinging cell found in cnidarians.
What is the function of a cnidocyte?	Defense and prey capture.
Give an example of an organism with cnidocytes.	Jellyfish, hydra, or sea anemone.
What is a nematocyst?	The stinging capsule inside a cnidocyte.
What is the function of a nematocyst?	It discharges a thread that can sting, pierce, or entangle prey.
Give an example of an organism with nematocysts.	Jellyfish or hydra.
What is a polyp?	A cylindrical, usually sessile cnidarian body form with the mouth facing upward.
Give an example of a polyp form.	Hydra or sea anemone.
What is a medusa?	A free-swimming, umbrella-shaped cnidarian body form with the mouth usually facing downward.
Give an example of a medusa form.	Jellyfish.
What is cephalization?	Concentration of sensory organs and nervous tissue at the head end.
In what kinds of animals is cephalization most obvious?	Bilaterally symmetrical animals.
What is a madreporite?	A sieve-like opening on an echinoderm through which water enters the water vascular system.
Give an example of an organism with a madreporite.	Sea star.
What is a gastrovascular cavity?	A digestive cavity with a single opening that functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients.
Give an example of an organism with a gastrovascular cavity.	Hydra, jellyfish, or planarian.
What is a proglottid?	One body segment of a tapeworm containing reproductive structures.
What is the function of a proglottid?	Reproduction; mature proglottids contain eggs.
Give an example of an organism with proglottids.	Tapeworm.
What is a scolex?	The head region of a tapeworm used for attachment.
What structures may be found on a scolex?	Suckers and sometimes hooks.
Give an example of an organism with a scolex.	Tapeworm.
What is a radula?	A rasping, tongue-like feeding structure used by many mollusks.
What is the function of a radula?	Scraping or cutting food.
Give an example of an organism with a radula.	Snail.
Which common mollusk group does NOT have a radula?	Bivalves.
What are nephridia?	Excretory organs in many invertebrates, especially annelids.
What is the function of nephridia?	Removal of metabolic wastes and regulation of water balance.
Give an example of an organism with nephridia.	Earthworm.
What is the clitellum?	A thickened glandular band on an earthworm.
What is the function of the clitellum?	It secretes material involved in reproduction and cocoon formation.
Give an example of an organism with a clitellum.	Earthworm.
What is a typhlosole?	A fold inside the intestine of an earthworm that increases surface area for absorption.
What is the function of the typhlosole?	Increased nutrient absorption.
Give an example of an organism with a typhlosole.	Earthworm.
Which phylum includes sponges?	Porifera.
Which phylum includes hydra and jellyfish?	Cnidaria.
Which phylum includes flatworms?	Platyhelminthes.
Which phylum includes mollusks?	Mollusca.
Which phylum includes segmented worms?	Annelida.
Which phylum includes arthropods?	Arthropoda.
Which phylum includes echinoderms?	Echinodermata.
Which phylum includes vertebrates?	Chordata.
Which group is structurally simpler: Porifera or Vertebrata?	Porifera.
Which flatworm group is usually free-living rather than parasitic?	Turbellaria.
Which flatworm groups are typically parasitic?	Trematoda and Cestoda.
What body form is associated with jellyfish: polyp or medusa?	Medusa.
What body form is associated with hydra: polyp or medusa?	Polyp.
What opening allows water into the echinoderm water vascular system?	Madreporite.
What structure of a tapeworm is specialized for attachment?	Scolex.
What structure of a tapeworm is specialized for reproduction?	Proglottid.
What structure helps many mollusks scrape food?	Radula.
What structure helps earthworms absorb more nutrients in the intestine?	Typhlosole.
What structure helps earthworms with reproduction by forming a cocoon?	Clitellum.
What structures help annelids remove nitrogenous waste?	Nephridia.
Which vertebrate class has cartilage instead of bone as the primary skeleton?	Chondrichthyes.
Which vertebrate class is called the bony fishes?	Osteichthyes.
Which vertebrate group usually has moist skin and undergoes metamorphosis?	Amphibians.
Which vertebrate group has dry scales and amniotic eggs?	Reptiles.
Which vertebrate group has feathers?	Aves.
Which vertebrate group has hair and mammary glands?	Mammals.
Which mollusk group has two shells?	Bivalves.
Which mollusk group includes snails and slugs?	Gastropods.
Which mollusk group includes squid and octopus?	Cephalopods.
Which type of symmetry is most associated with active forward movement?	Bilateral symmetry.
Which type of animals are diploblastic: simpler cnidarians or vertebrates?	Simpler cnidarians.
Which type of animals are triploblastic: flatworms and most higher animals, or sponges?	Flatworms and most higher animals.
Which phylum lacks true tissues?	Porifera.
Which animal group has a body with pores and canal systems for filter feeding?	Sponges.
What kind of feeding do many sponges use?	Filter feeding.
What kind of digestive opening does a gastrovascular cavity have?	One opening.
What kind of digestive tract do annelids have: incomplete or complete?	Complete.
What kind of digestive tract do many cnidarians have: incomplete or complete?	Incomplete.
What kind of body support do vertebrates have: exoskeleton or endoskeleton?	Endoskeleton.
What kind of body support do arthropods have: exoskeleton or endoskeleton?	Exoskeleton.
What substance makes up the arthropod exoskeleton?	Chitin.
What is the main support structure in Chondrichthyes?	Cartilage.
What is the main support structure in Osteichthyes?	Bone.
What is the blastopore?	The first opening that forms during early embryonic development
What are protostomes?	Animals in which the blastopore develops into the mouth first, then the anus forms later
What are deuterostomes?	Animals in which the blastopore develops into the anus first, then the mouth forms later
In protostomes, what does the blastopore become?	The mouth
In deuterostomes, what does the blastopore become?	The anus
Are humans protostomes or deuterostomes?	Deuterostomes
In human development, which forms first: mouth or anus?	The anus forms first, then the mouth
Which phyla in this unit are deuterostomes?	Echinodermata and Chordata.
Give examples of protostomes.	Insects, worms, mollusks
Give examples of deuterostomes.	Humans and other chordates
Does “anus first” mean an organism is more advanced?	No—“more advanced” is not scientifically accurate; it’s just a different developmental pattern
How do you remember protostomes vs deuterostomes?	Proto = first → mouth first; Deutero = second → mouth second (anus first)
What phylum includes animals such as snails, clams, and cephalopods?	Mollusca
What phylum includes insects, arachnids, and crustaceans?	Arthropoda
The term “arthropod” refers to animals in which phylum?	Arthropoda
What phylum includes sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars?	Echinodermata
What type of reproduction is most common in the animal kingdom?	Sexual reproduction.
What are exceptions to sexual reproduction being most common in animals?	Some animals can reproduce asexually by budding, fragmentation/regeneration, or parthenogenesis.
Give an example of an animal that can reproduce by budding	Hydra or some sponges.
Give an example of an animal that can reproduce by fragmentation/regeneration	Planarians or some sea stars.
What is parthenogenesis?	Development of an offspring from an unfertilized egg.
What are Hox genes?	Genes that help control the body plan during embryonic development.
What do Hox genes do?	They help determine where body parts and structures form along the body.
In protostomes, what type of early cleavage is common?	Spiral, determinate cleavage.
In deuterostomes, what type of early cleavage is common?	Radial, indeterminate cleavage.
How does the coelom usually form in protostomes?	By splitting within the mesoderm.
How does the coelom usually form in deuterostomes?	By pockets of mesoderm pinching off from the developing gut.
What does it mean for an animal to have a coelom?	It has a fluid-filled body cavity completely lined by mesoderm.
What is a true coelom?	A body cavity completely lined by mesoderm.
What is the function of a true coelom?	It cushions organs, gives organs room to grow and move, and can help with body movement.
What does sessile mean?	Attached in one place and not freely moving.
How does a sponge eat without a digestive system?	It filter-feeds by moving water through pores and trapping food particles from the water.
What cells help sponges move water and trap food?	Choanocytes, also called collar cells.
What is the osculum in a sponge?	The large opening where water exits the sponge.
How have flatworms evolved to become better hunters?	They have bilateral symmetry, cephalization, sensory structures, and better directional movement.
Why does cephalization help flatworms hunt?	It concentrates sensory organs and nervous tissue at the head end, helping them detect food while moving forward.
What sensory structures help planarians detect their environment?	Eyespots and auricles.
What type of organism is Schistosoma?	A parasitic flatworm; specifically, a blood fluke/trematode.
What disease is caused by Schistosoma?	Schistosomiasis.
What two hosts are involved in the Schistosoma life cycle?	Humans and freshwater snails.
What is a primary host?	The host where the parasite reaches adulthood or reproduces sexually.
What is a secondary host?	An intermediate host used during another stage of the parasite’s life cycle.
In Schistosoma, which host is the intermediate host?	Freshwater snail.
What are the two types of suckers in a leech?	Anterior sucker and posterior sucker.
What is the anterior sucker of a leech used for?	Attachment and feeding; it is near the mouth.
What is the posterior sucker of a leech used for?	Attachment and movement.
How are leeches used in modern medicine?	They can help relieve blood buildup after surgery by removing excess blood and improving blood flow.
Why is leech saliva useful medically?	It contains substances that reduce clotting and help blood flow.
What phylum includes roundworms?	Nematoda.
What are common features of roundworms?	They are cylindrical, unsegmented worms with a complete digestive tract.
Do roundworms molt?	Yes. Roundworms have a cuticle that they shed as they grow.
What disease does Ascaris cause?	Ascariasis.
What infection do hookworms cause?	Hookworm infection, often involving intestinal blood loss.
What infection do pinworms cause?	Pinworm infection, also called enterobiasis.
What disease does Trichinella cause?	Trichinosis.
What disease can filarial worms cause?	Elephantiasis or lymphatic filariasis.
What is molting?	Shedding the outer covering, such as an exoskeleton or cuticle, so the animal can grow.
What is metamorphosis?	A major change in body form during an animal’s life cycle.
What is the benefit of metamorphosis?	Different life stages can use different food sources or habitats, reducing competition between young and adults.
What is a simple eye?	An eye with one lens or light-detecting structure that forms a single image or detects light.
What is a compound eye?	An eye made of many small visual units that detect many parts of the visual field.
What is the major difference between a centipede and a millipede?	Centipedes have one pair of legs per body segment; millipedes have two pairs of legs per body segment.
Are centipedes usually predators or herbivores/detritivores?	Centipedes are usually predators.
Are millipedes usually predators or detritivores/herbivores?	Millipedes are usually detritivores or herbivores.
Which usually has a more flattened body: centipede or millipede?	Centipede.
What are chelicerates?	Arthropods that include spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, and horseshoe crabs.
What are examples of terrestrial chelicerates?	Spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites.
What is an example of a marine chelicerate?	Horseshoe crab.
What are the four main chordate characteristics?	Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits/pouches, and post-anal tail.
What is a notochord?	A flexible support rod found in chordates at some stage of development.
What is a dorsal hollow nerve cord?	A hollow nerve cord along the back side of a chordate.
What are pharyngeal slits or pouches?	Openings or structures in the throat region of chordates during development.
What is a post-anal tail?	A tail that extends past the anus.
What are the non-vertebrate chordates discussed in intro biology?	Tunicates and lancelets.
What is a tunicate?	A non-vertebrate chordate, also called a sea squirt, whose adult form is usually sessile.
What is a lancelet?	A small fishlike non-vertebrate chordate that keeps chordate traits as an adult.
What is a lobe-finned fish?	A bony fish with fleshy, lobed fins supported by bones.
Why are lobe-finned fish important evolutionarily?	Their fins are related to the evolution of limbs in tetrapods.
What is a lungfish?	A lobe-finned fish that has lungs or lung-like structures for breathing air.
Why are lungfish special?	They can breathe air and are closely related to the lineage that led to land vertebrates.
What are monotremes?	Egg-laying mammals.
Give an example of a monotreme	Platypus or echidna.
What are marsupials?	Mammals whose young are born very undeveloped and usually continue developing in a pouch.
Give an example of a marsupial	Kangaroo, koala, opossum, or wombat.
What are placental mammals?	Mammals whose young develop inside the uterus with nourishment through a placenta.
Give an example of a placental mammal	Human, dog, cat, whale, bat, or horse.
What is an ectotherm?	An animal that depends mostly on external sources of heat to regulate body temperature.
Give examples of ectotherms	Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and most invertebrates.
What is an endotherm?	An animal that uses internal metabolism to maintain body temperature.
Give examples of endotherms	Birds and mammals.
How are ectotherms and endotherms different?	Ectotherms rely mostly on outside heat; endotherms produce most body heat internally.

Created by: lalayomama

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