What does the suffix -ation mean?

The process of; the act of doing something. Example: fertilization.

What does -chym- mean?

Pour; infusion; tissue. Example: parenchyma.

What does cotyl- mean?

Cup-shaped; seed leaf. Example: cotyledon.

What does cuti- mean?

Skin; outer covering. Example: cuticle.

Upon; above. Example: epidermis.

What does -genesis mean?

Origin; formation. Example: sporogenesis.

What does grav- mean?

Heavy; gravity. Example: gravitropism.

What does herb- mean?

non woody Plant. Example: herbaceous.

Condition; process. Example: phototropism.

What does kine- mean?

Movement. Example: cytokinesis.

What does morph- mean?

Shape; form. Example: morphology.

What does -node mean?

Knot; joint; point on stem. Example: internode.

What do par-, para- mean?

Beside; near. Example: parenchyma.

What do stat-, -stasis mean?

Standing still. Example: homeostasis.

What does trans- mean?

Across. Example: transpiration.

What does -trop mean?

Turning. Example: phototropism.

Yoke; joined; union. Example: zygote.

What is one advantage of living in water for photoautotrophs?

Water supports the plant body (buoyancy reduces need for structural support).

Why is dehydration less of a problem in water?

Water is constantly available, so desiccation risk is low.

How does reproduction benefit from living in water?

Gametes (especially sperm) can swim easily.

What is a disadvantage of living in water?

Light penetration decreases with depth.

Why can CO₂ availability be a disadvantage in water?

Gas diffusion is slower in water than air.

Why can nutrient distribution be inconsistent in water?

Nutrients may be diluted or unevenly dispersed.

Why is CO₂ more accessible on land?

Diffuses faster in air than in water.

What is a disadvantage of living on land?

Risk of dehydration (desiccation).

Why is reproduction more difficult on land?

Sperm cannot swim without water (in earlier plant groups).

What evolutionary advantage for bryophytes?

first land plants (cuticle; embryo protection)

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bio final 2

Question	Answer
What does the suffix -ation mean?	The process of; the act of doing something. Example: fertilization.
What does carp- mean? (not carpal)	Fruit. Example: carpel.
What does chrom- mean?	Color. Example: chromoplast.
What does -chym- mean?	Pour; infusion; tissue. Example: parenchyma.
What does coll- mean?	Glue. Example: collenchyma.
What does cotyl- mean?	Cup-shaped; seed leaf. Example: cotyledon.
What does cuti- mean?	Skin; outer covering. Example: cuticle.
What does derm- mean?	Skin. Example: epidermis.
What does dorm- mean?	Sleep. Example: dormancy.
What does epi- mean?	Upon; above. Example: epidermis.
What does -genesis mean?	Origin; formation. Example: sporogenesis.
What does grav- mean?	Heavy; gravity. Example: gravitropism.
What does gymno- mean?	Naked. Example: gymnosperm.
What does herb- mean?	non woody Plant. Example: herbaceous.
What does hydro- mean?	Water. Example: hydrotropism.
What does -ism mean?	Condition; process. Example: phototropism.
What does kine- mean?	Movement. Example: cytokinesis.
What does -lith-, -lite mean?	Stone. Example: halite.
What does mes- mean?	Middle. Example: mesophyll.
What does morph- mean?	Shape; form. Example: morphology.
What does -node mean?	Knot; joint; point on stem. Example: internode.
What do oo-, ov-, ovum- mean?	Egg. Example: ovary.
What do par-, para- mean?	Beside; near. Example: parenchyma.
What does -phyll mean?	Leaf. Example: chlorophyll.
What does -phyte mean?	Plant. Example: bryophyte.
What does proto- mean?	First. Example: protoderm.
What does rhiza-, rhizo- mean?	Root. Example: rhizome.
What does scler- mean?	Hard. Example: sclerenchyma.
What does sperma- mean?	Seed. Example: spermatophyte.
What do stat-, -stasis mean?	Standing still. Example: homeostasis.
What does stom-, stome- mean?	Mouth; pore. Example: stoma.
What does thigmo- mean?	Touch. Example: thigmotropism.
What does trans- mean?	Across. Example: transpiration.
What does trich-, tricho- mean?	Hair. Example: trichome.
What does -trop mean?	Turning. Example: phototropism.
What does xanth- mean?	Yellow. Example: xanthophyll.
What does xero- mean?	Dry. Example: xerophyte.
What does xyl- mean?	Wood. Example: xylem.
What does zyg- mean?	Yoke; joined; union. Example: zygote.
What is one advantage of living in water for photoautotrophs?	Water supports the plant body (buoyancy reduces need for structural support).
Why is dehydration less of a problem in water?	Water is constantly available, so desiccation risk is low.
How does reproduction benefit from living in water?	Gametes (especially sperm) can swim easily.
What is a disadvantage of living in water?	Light penetration decreases with depth.
Why can CO₂ availability be a disadvantage in water?	Gas diffusion is slower in water than air.
Why can nutrient distribution be inconsistent in water?	Nutrients may be diluted or unevenly dispersed.
What is one advantage of living on land for photoautotrophs?	Greater access to sunlight.
Why is CO₂ more accessible on land?	Diffuses faster in air than in water.
What is a disadvantage of living on land?	Risk of dehydration (desiccation).
Why must land plants develop support tissues?	No buoyancy from water.
Why is reproduction more difficult on land?	Sperm cannot swim without water (in earlier plant groups).
What evolutionary advantage for bryophytes?	first land plants (cuticle; embryo protection)
What is the dominant generation in bryophytes?	Gametophyte.
Male sex organ in bryophytes?	Antheridium.
Female sex organ in bryophytes?	Archegonium.
What evolutionary advantage for lycophytes?	First with vascular tissue — xylem and phloem — and true roots, stems, and leaves.
What is the dominant generation in lycophytes?	sporophyte
Male sex organ in lycophytes?	antheridium
Female sex organ in lycophytes?	archegonium
What evolutionary advantage appears in pteridophytes?	megaphyll leaves (more complex leaves with branched venation)
Dominant generation in ferns?	Sporophyte.
Male sex organ in ferns?	Antheridium.
Female sex organ in ferns?	Archegonium.
What evolutionary advantage appears in gymnosperms?	Seeds.
Dominant generation in gymnosperms?	Sporophyte.
Male reproductive structure in gymnosperms?	Pollen cone (male cone).
Female reproductive structure in gymnosperms?	Ovulate cone (female cone).
What evolutionary advantage appears in angiosperms?	Flowers and fruit; enclosed seeds.
Dominant generation in angiosperms?	Sporophyte.
What plant group performs double fertilization?	Angiosperms.
What is double fertilization?	One sperm fertilizes the egg (zygote); the other fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.
Why is double fertilization important?	Ensures food (endosperm) develops only if fertilization occurs.
Why are bryophyte green tissues not true leaves?	They lack vascular tissue.
What are large green tissues of ferns called?	Fronds.
Why aren’t fern fronds called true leaves in some classifications?	They differ structurally and developmentally from seed plant leaves.
What are the two classes of angiosperms?	Monocots and Eudicots.
One cotyledon = ?	Monocot.
Two cotyledons = ?	Eudicot.
Monocot leaf venation?	Parallel.
Eudicot leaf venation?	Net-like.
What is meristematic tissue?	Tissue made of actively dividing, undifferentiated cells.
What type of growth does apical meristem produce?	Primary growth (length).
Where is apical meristem found?	Root tips and shoot tips.
What type of growth does lateral meristem produce?	Secondary growth (thickness).
Where is lateral meristem found?	Along stems and roots (vascular cambium, cork cambium).
What does intercalary meristem do?	Lengthens internodes (common in grasses).
What is the function of parenchyma cells?	Photosynthesis, storage, repair.
Where are parenchyma cells commonly found?	Mesophyll of leaves.
What is the function of collenchyma cells?	Flexible support.
Where are collenchyma cells found?	Young stems and petioles.
What is the function of sclerenchyma cells?	Rigid support and protection.
Are sclerenchyma cells alive at maturity?	No, they are dead at maturity.
What are vegetative organs?	Roots, stems, leaves (growth and survival).
What are reproductive organs in angiosperms?	Flowers, fruits, seeds.
What does xylem transport?	Water and minerals (upward).
What type of cells make up xylem?	Tracheids and vessel elements.
Are xylem cells alive at maturity?	No.
What does phloem transport?	Sugars and organic nutrients.
What type of cells make up phloem?	Sieve-tube elements and companion cells.
Are phloem cells alive at maturity?	Yes.
What is the root cap?	Protects the root tip.
What is the zone of cell division?	Area where cells actively divide.
What is the zone of elongation?	Area where cells lengthen.
What is the zone of differentiation?	Area where cells specialize.
What is mycorrhizae?	Symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots.
What does the fungus provide in mycorrhizae?	Increased nutrient absorption.
What is root nodule symbiosis?	Relationship between plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
What bacteria commonly form root nodules?	Rhizobium.
What is primary growth?	Increase in length.
What is secondary growth?	Increase in thickness.
What plants commonly have secondary growth?	Woody plants (eudicots and gymnosperms).
What is wood made of?	Secondary xylem.
What is bark made of?	Cork, cork cambium, and phloem.
Is bark dead?	Outer bark is dead; inner bark is alive.
What are the two types of mesophyll tissue?	Palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll.
What is the function of palisade mesophyll?	Primary site of photosynthesis.
Why is palisade mesophyll efficient for photosynthesis?	Cells are tightly packed and rich in chloroplasts.
What is the function of spongy mesophyll?	Gas exchange and some photosynthesis.
How is spongy mesophyll structurally different from palisade mesophyll?	Loosely packed with air spaces.
What is soil?	A mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air.
How is soil formed?	Weathering of rock + decomposition of organic material.
What are the three main soil particles?	Sand, silt, clay.
What is humus?	Dark, decayed organic matter in soil.
Why is humus important?	Improves nutrient retention and soil structure.
Why is overwatering harmful to plants?	Reduces oxygen in soil, causing root suffocation.
What are the two pathways water enters plants?	Apoplastic pathway and symplastic pathway.
What is the apoplastic pathway?	Water moves through cell walls (outside plasma membranes).
What is the symplastic pathway?	Water moves through cytoplasm via plasmodesmata.
What is the Casparian strip?	A waterproof barrier in the endodermis of roots.
Why is the Casparian strip important?	Forces water into symplastic pathway, allowing selective uptake.
What is transpiration?	Loss of water vapor from plant leaves through stomata.
What negative effect can transpiration have?	Dehydration.
Transpiration is the driving force for what process?	Upward movement of water in xylem (transpiration pull).
What is a tropism?	A directional growth response to a stimulus.
What is phototropism?	Growth in response to light.
Example of positive phototropism?	Stem growing toward light.
Example of negative phototropism?	Root growing away from light.
What is gravitropism?	Growth in response to gravity.
Positive gravitropism example?	Roots growing downward.
Negative gravitropism example?	Stem growing upward.
What is thigmotropism?	Growth in response to touch.
Positive thigmotropism example?	Vines wrapping around support.
What is hydrotropism?	Growth in response to water.
How are nastic movements different from tropisms?	They are non-directional responses to stimuli.
Example of nastic movement?	Venus flytrap closing.
Another nastic movement example?	Mimosa leaves folding when touched.
What does auxin do?	Promotes cell elongation and apical dominance.
Example effect of auxin?	Phototropism.
What do gibberellins do?	Stimulate stem elongation and seed germination.
What do cytokinins do?	Promote cell division and delay leaf aging.
What does abscisic acid (ABA) do?	Inhibits growth and promotes dormancy.
What hormone triggers fruit ripening?	Ethylene.
What is the overall evolutionary trend in dominant generation from bryophytes → angiosperms?	Shift from gametophyte dominance to sporophyte dominance.
Why is sporophyte dominance advantageous?	Diploid stage masks harmful mutations.
Why are bryophytes limited to moist environments?	Their sperm require water to swim to the egg.
Why was vascular tissue a major evolutionary breakthrough?	Allowed taller growth and transport away from direct water sources.
What problem did seeds solve?	Protected embryo + allowed dormancy.
Why are angiosperms more evolutionarily successful than gymnosperms?	Flowers improve pollination efficiency; fruit aids seed dispersal.
What force pulls water upward in xylem?	Transpiration pull (cohesion-tension mechanism).
What is cohesion?	Water molecules sticking to each other.
What is adhesion?	Water molecules sticking to xylem walls.
What creates tension in the xylem?	Evaporation of water from leaves.
Why doesn’t gravity stop water movement in tall trees?	Continuous water column + cohesion.
Difference between tracheids and vessel elements?	Vessel elements are wider and more efficient; tracheids are narrower and found in all vascular plants.
Which plants only have tracheids (no vessel elements)?	Most gymnosperms.
What is the function of companion cells?	Support sieve-tube elements.
Why must phloem cells be alive?	Active transport is required to move sugars.
What does vascular cambium produce?	Secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
What does cork cambium produce?	Cork (outer bark).
Why does wood show growth rings?	Seasonal differences in xylem production.
Why don’t most monocots undergo secondary growth?	They lack vascular cambium.
Why is oxygen important in soil?	Roots require oxygen for cellular respiration.
Why does clay retain water better than sand?	Smaller particles create more surface area.
Why is humus useful for holding nutrients?	It is negatively charged, so it holds positively charged nutrients like K+ and Ca2+.
What substance makes the Casparian strip waterproof?	Suberin.
What would happen without a Casparian strip?	Unregulated mineral entry into xylem.
Why is palisade mesophyll located above spongy mesophyll?	Receives more direct sunlight.
Why does spongy mesophyll contain air spaces?	Facilitates gas diffusion.
What is genetically unique about endosperm?	It is typically triploid (3n).
Why is fruit formation evolutionarily important?	Protects and disperses seeds.
What hormone is primarily responsible for phototropism?	Auxin.
How does auxin cause bending toward light?	Accumulates on shaded side → cells elongate more.
Why do roots show positive gravitropism?	Auxin inhibits elongation in roots.
What cells regulate stomatal opening?	Guard cells.
What happens to guard cells when they gain water?	They swell and stomata open.
How does ABA affect stomata?	Causes stomatal closure during drought.
Why are tropisms considered growth responses?	They involve permanent directional growth.
Why are nastic movements reversible?	They rely on turgor pressure changes, not growth.
What three primary meristems arise from apical meristem?	Protoderm, ground meristem, procambium.
What does protoderm form?	Epidermis.
What does procambium form?	Primary xylem and phloem.
What does ground meristem form?	Ground tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma).
How are monocot roots arranged internally?	Vascular tissue in a ring around pith.
How are eudicot roots arranged internally?	Xylem in star pattern, phloem between arms.
Why can larger plants dominate over smaller plants evolutionarily?	Increased access to sunlight.
Why is lignin important in vascular plants?	Provides structural strength and waterproofing.
Why are sclerenchyma cells dead at maturity?	Thick lignified walls provide rigid support.
Why is diffusion alone insufficient for large plants?	Distances are too great for passive transport.
what are the 5 major plant hormones	auxin, ABA, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene
what cells are dead at maturity	tracheids vessel elements sclerenchyma cells
What are the three types of bryophytes?	Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
What are the three main groups of lycophytes?	Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts.
What are the three main types of monilophytes or pteridophytes?	Ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns.
What are the four groups of gymnosperms?	Conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes.
What are examples of monocots?	Grasses, lilies, orchids, corn, and palms.
What are examples of eudicots?	Roses, beans, sunflowers, oaks, and maples.
What are some uses for ferns?	Ornamental plants, food in some cases, and environmental uses such as soil support or habitat.
What are some uses for conifers?	Lumber, paper, resin, turpentine, pine nuts, and Christmas trees.
What is an annual plant?	A plant that completes its life cycle in one growing season or one year.
What is a perennial plant?	A plant that lives for more than two years.
What is a taproot system?	One large main root with smaller side roots.
What major adaptations helped plants live on land?	Cuticle, stomata, vascular tissue, roots, protected embryos, pollen, seeds, flowers, and fruit.
What is the sporophyte generation?	The diploid plant generation that produces spores by meiosis.
What does the sporophyte generation produce?	Spores.
Which plant groups have the sporophyte as the dominant generation?	Vascular plants, including lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
What is the gametophyte generation?	The haploid plant generation that produces gametes by mitosis.
What does the gametophyte generation produce?	Gametes: sperm and eggs.
Which plant group has the gametophyte as the dominant generation?	Bryophytes.
In angiosperms, what is the male gametophyte?	The pollen grain.
In angiosperms, where is the female gametophyte found?	Inside the ovule in the ovary.
What happens after pollination in an angiosperm?	A pollen tube grows down the style toward the ovule.
In angiosperms, what does the fertilized egg become?	The zygote, which develops into the embryo.
In angiosperms, what does the ovule become after fertilization?	A seed.
In angiosperms, what does the ovary become after fertilization?	A fruit.
How do flowers help angiosperms with pollination?	They can attract pollinators using color, scent, nectar, and flower shape.
How does fruit help angiosperms reproduce?	Fruit protects seeds and helps with seed dispersal.
What is animal pollination?	Pollination where animals carry pollen from one flower to another.
What is wind pollination?	Pollination where pollen is carried by air currents.
What are common features of wind-pollinated flowers?	They are often small, less showy, and produce large amounts of pollen.
What organs make up the root system?	Roots, including primary roots, lateral roots, and root hairs.
What organs make up the shoot system?	Stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds.
What is a fibrous root system?	A root system made of many thin roots of similar size.
What type of plants commonly have fibrous roots?	Monocots, such as grasses.
What type of plants commonly have taproots?	Eudicots, such as carrots, dandelions, and many trees.
What are adventitious roots?	Roots that grow from stems or leaves instead of from the main root.
What is the function of root hairs?	They increase surface area for water and mineral absorption.
What is an herbaceous stem?	A soft, non-woody stem.
What is a woody stem?	A hard stem with secondary growth and wood.
What is a rhizome?	A horizontal underground stem.
What is a stolon or runner?	A horizontal above-ground stem that can form new plants.
What is a tuber?	A swollen underground stem used for food storage.
What is a bulb?	An underground storage structure made of a short stem surrounded by fleshy leaves.
What is a node on a stem?	The point where a leaf or bud attaches to the stem.
What is an internode?	The stem region between two nodes.
What is the cuticle on a leaf?	A waxy outer coating that reduces water loss.
What is the function of the epidermis in a leaf?	Protection and prevention of water loss.
What is the function of stomata?	Openings that allow gas exchange and water vapor loss.
What is a leaf vein made of?	Vascular tissue: xylem and phloem.
What does xylem do in a leaf vein?	Brings water and minerals into the leaf.
What does phloem do in a leaf vein?	Carries sugars away from the leaf.
What is a simple leaf?	A leaf with one undivided blade.
What is a compound leaf?	A leaf divided into multiple leaflets.
What is a doubly compound leaf?	A compound leaf whose leaflets are divided again into smaller leaflets.
How can cactus spines help a plant survive?	They reduce water loss and help protect the plant.
How can tendrils help a plant survive?	They help climbing plants attach to support structures.
How can succulent leaves help a plant survive?	They store water.
How can carnivorous leaves help a plant survive?	They trap prey and help the plant obtain minerals, especially nitrogen.
How do thick cuticles or sunken stomata help plants?	They reduce water loss in dry environments.
What is a complete flower?	A flower with all four main flower parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
What are the four main parts of a complete flower?	Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
What is the function of sepals?	They protect the flower bud before it opens.
What is the function of petals?	They help attract pollinators.
What is the male reproductive part of a flower?	The stamen.
What are the two main parts of a stamen?	Anther and filament.
What does the anther produce?	Pollen.
What is the function of the filament?	It supports the anther.
What is the female reproductive part of a flower?	The carpel or pistil.
What are the main parts of a carpel?	Stigma, style, and ovary.
What is the function of the stigma?	It receives pollen.
What is the function of the style?	It connects the stigma to the ovary and provides a path for the pollen tube.
What is the function of the ovary in a flower?	It contains ovules and can develop into fruit.
What is an ovule?	A structure inside the ovary that can develop into a seed.
What is an essential nutrient?	A nutrient a plant needs to complete its life cycle and cannot replace with another nutrient.
What is a macromineral?	An essential mineral nutrient that plants need in relatively large amounts.
Examples of plant macrominerals	Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.
What is a micromineral?	An essential mineral nutrient that plants need in very small amounts.
Examples of plant microminerals	Iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum, chlorine, and nickel.
What is hydroponics?	Growing plants without soil, using a nutrient solution.
What can hydroponics show about plant nutrition?	It can show which mineral nutrients are essential by removing one nutrient at a time.
What does acid rain do to soil?	It lowers soil pH, leaches nutrients, and can release toxic aluminum ions.
What is the O horizon of soil?	The top organic layer made mostly of dead leaves and humus.
What is the A horizon of soil?	Topsoil, containing minerals mixed with humus.
What is the B horizon of soil?	Subsoil, where minerals leached from above can accumulate.
What is the C horizon of soil?	Partly weathered parent material.
What is the R horizon of soil?	Bedrock.
Why is soil erosion harmful?	It removes nutrient-rich topsoil that plants need for growth.
What causes soil erosion?	Wind, water, loss of plant cover, poor farming practices, and construction.
How do root hairs help plants acquire nutrition?	They increase the root surface area for absorbing water and minerals.
How do mycorrhizae help plants acquire nutrition?	Fungi increase the plant’s ability to absorb minerals and water from soil.
How do root nodules help plants acquire nutrition?	Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen into forms the plant can use.
How do carnivorous plants acquire extra nutrition?	They trap and digest animals to obtain minerals such as nitrogen.
What is osmosis?	The movement of water across a membrane from higher water concentration to lower water concentration.
Which way does water move by osmosis?	Toward the side with higher solute concentration and lower water concentration.
What is osmotic pressure?	The tendency of water to move into an area with higher solute concentration.
What is turgor pressure?	Pressure from water pushing the cell membrane against the plant cell wall.
What does flaccid mean in plant cells?	Limp because the cell has lost water and has low turgor pressure.
What is root pressure?	Pressure created when minerals enter the root xylem and water follows by osmosis.
What is guttation?	The release of water droplets from leaf edges due to root pressure.
What does the cohesion-tension model explain?	How transpiration pulls water upward through xylem.
What does the pressure-flow model explain?	How sugars move through phloem from sources to sinks.
What is a source in the pressure-flow model?	A plant area that loads sugar into phloem, such as a mature leaf.
What is a sink in the pressure-flow model?	A plant area that uses or stores sugar, such as roots, fruits, or growing tissues.
How does sugar loading affect phloem pressure?	Sugar loading causes water to enter the phloem by osmosis, increasing pressure.
How does pressure move sap in phloem?	High pressure near the source pushes phloem sap toward lower-pressure sinks.
How do stomata open?	Guard cells gain ions and water, swell, and open the pore.
How do stomata close?	Guard cells lose ions and water, become less turgid, and close the pore.
How does abscisic acid close stomata?	It causes guard cells to lose ions and water, reducing turgor pressure.
Examples of environmental stimuli that affect plants	Light, gravity, touch, water, temperature, drought, and day length.
What is a positive tropism?	Growth toward a stimulus.
What is a negative tropism?	Growth away from a stimulus.
What is a long-term plant response?	A slower response involving growth or development.
What is a short-term plant response?	A faster response that does not require new growth, such as stomatal movement or nastic movement.
What is a statolith?	A dense starch-containing structure that helps plant cells sense gravity.
What is phytochrome?	A plant pigment used to detect light and day length.
What does phytochrome help control?	Seed germination, flowering, and other light-related plant responses.
What is a circadian rhythm?	An internal daily cycle that repeats about every 24 hours.
What is photoperiodism?	A plant response to the length of day and night.
What is apical dominance?	The apical bud suppresses the growth of axillary buds.
What hormone is mainly responsible for apical dominance?	Auxin.
How does auxin allow a stem to bend toward light?	Auxin builds up on the shaded side, causing those cells to elongate more.
What is a major function of ethylene besides fruit ripening?	It promotes leaf abscission and senescence.
What is abscission?	The dropping of leaves, flowers, or fruit from a plant.
What does apical mean?	Toward the tip or apex of a plant.
What does axillary mean?	Located in the angle between a leaf and a stem.
What is dormancy?	A period of reduced growth or inactivity.
What is etiolation?	Pale, elongated growth caused by growing in darkness or low light.
What is heartwood?	Older, nonliving central wood that provides support.
What is senescence?	The aging and breakdown of plant tissues.
What is thigmomorphogenesis?	A change in plant growth form caused by touch or mechanical stress.
What is a parasitic plant?	A plant that gets nutrients from a living host plant.
Example of a parasitic plant	Mistletoe or dodder.
What is a carnivorous plant?	A photosynthetic plant that traps animals to obtain extra minerals.
Examples of carnivorous plants	Venus flytrap, pitcher plant, and sundew.
How are parasitic plants and carnivorous plants different?	Parasitic plants take nutrients from a host plant; carnivorous plants trap animals for minerals but still photosynthesize.

Created by: lalayomama

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