without, not; example: anaerobic

chemical; example: chemosynthesis

remove, break down; example: decompose

different; example: heterotroph

inflammation; example: arthritis

chromosome number; example: diploid

nutrition; example: heterotroph

Taxonomic hierarchy (least to most specific)

Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species remember: Dirty Kinky People Can Only Fuck Gross Sluts

Why is taxonomy organized from broad to specific?

To show evolutionary relationships and shared traits

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bio final 1

Question	Answer
a-, an-	without, not; example: anaerobic
anti-	against; example: antibiotic
-ase	enzyme; example: lactase
auto-	self; example: autotroph
bi- (Latin)	two; example: bilateral
bio-	life; example: biology
carn-	flesh; example: carnivore
carp-	fruit; example: carpel
chem-	chemical; example: chemosynthesis
chlor-	green; example: chlorophyll
cocc-	spherical; example: coccus
cyt-, cyte-, cyto-	cell; example: cytoplasm
de-	remove, break down; example: decompose
di-, dia- (Greek)	two; example: diatom
di-, dipl- (Latin)	double; example: diploid
dia- (Latin)	through; example: dialysis
eu-	true; example: eukaryote
glyc-, glyco-	sugar; example: glycogen
halo-	salt; example: halophile
hetero-	different; example: heterotroph
homo-, homeo-	same; example: homeostasis
-itis	inflammation; example: arthritis
-kary-	nucleus; example: prokaryote
lip-	fat; example: lipid
-lys, -lyst	break apart; example: lysis
macro-	large; example: macromolecule
micro-	small; example: microbe
mono-	one; example: monosaccharide
myc-	fungus; example: mycology
mycel-	fungal body; example: mycelium
-ology	study of; example: biology
onc-	cancer; example: oncology
-ose	sugar; example: glucose
-phile	loving; example: hydrophile
-phobe	fearing; example: hydrophobic
photo-	light; example: photosynthesis
-ploid	chromosome number; example: diploid
poly-	many; example: polysaccharide
pro-	before; example: prophase
proto-	first; example: protozoa
pseudo-	false; example: pseudopod
saccharo-	sugar; example: sucrose
sapr-	decay; example: saprophyte
-sis	process; example: mitosis
sym-, syn-	together; example: symbiosis
thermo-	heat; example: thermophile
-troph	nutrition; example: heterotroph
zo-, -zoa	animal; example: protozoa
Taxonomic hierarchy (least to most specific)	Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species remember: Dirty Kinky People Can Only Fuck Gross Sluts
Why is taxonomy organized from broad to specific?	To show evolutionary relationships and shared traits
Human classification – Domain	Eukarya
Human classification – Domain	Eukarya
Human classification – Kingdom	Animalia
Human classification – Phylum	Chordata
Human classification – Class	Mammalia
Human classification – Order	Primates
Human classification – Family	Hominidae
Human classification – Genus	Homo
Human classification – Species	Homo sapiens
Genus in binomial nomenclature	Broader group; capitalized
Species identifier in binomial nomenclature	More specific; lowercase
Correct scientific name format	Italicized or underlined Genus species
Why is Latin used in scientific names?	Universal and does not change over time
Phylogenetic tree	Diagram showing evolutionary relationships over time
Cladogram	Diagram showing shared derived traits
How are phylogenetic trees and cladograms similar?	Both show common ancestry
Obligate intracellular parasite	Organism that must infect a host cell to reproduce
Two traits used to classify viruses	Genetic material (DNA or RNA) and structure
Bacteriophage	Virus that infects bacteria
Adenovirus	Non-enveloped virus; causes respiratory infections
Retrovirus	RNA virus that converts RNA to DNA (example: HIV)
Stages of the lytic cycle	Attachment → Entry → Replication → Assembly → Lysis
What happens to the host cell in the lytic cycle?	The cell bursts and dies
Lysogenic cycle	Viral DNA integrates into host genome and remains dormant
Key difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles	Lysogenic does not immediately kill the host cell
Plasmid	Small circular DNA with extra genes
Mesosome	Membrane infolding (older models; often considered an artifact)
Capsule	Protective outer layer; increases virulence
Fimbriae	Hair-like structures for attachment
Pilus / conjugation pilus	Transfers DNA between bacteria
Methanogens	Anaerobic archaea that produce methane
Thermophiles	Archaea that live in high temperatures
Halophiles	Archaea that live in high-salt environments
Acidophiles	Archaea that live in acidic conditions
Transformation	Uptake of DNA from the environment
Transduction	DNA transfer via bacteriophage
Conjugation	Direct DNA transfer between cells using a pilus
Antibiotic resistance	Ability of bacteria to survive antibiotics
How does antibiotic resistance occur?	Mutations, gene transfer, and natural selection
Ecosystem where protists are primary producers	Aquatic ecosystems
Protists most closely related to plants	Green algae
Protists most closely related to animals	Choanoflagellates
Plastid	Organelle for photosynthesis
Pyrenoid	Structure involved in starch formation
Eyespot (stigma)	Detects light
Conjugation tube	Transfers genetic material between cells
Contractile vacuole	Regulates water balance
Cilia	Movement and feeding
Pseudopod	Movement and food capture
Pathogen that causes malaria	Plasmodium
Vector for malaria	Mosquito
Pathogen that causes toxoplasmosis	Toxoplasma
Vector for toxoplasmosis	Cat
Pathogen that causes African sleeping sickness	Trypanosoma
Vector for African sleeping sickness	Tsetse fly
Vector for Chagas disease	Kissing bug
Plankton	Drifting aquatic organisms
Phytoplankton	Photosynthetic plankton
Phytoplankton	Photosynthetic plankton
Key characteristics of fungi	Chitin cell walls; absorptive heterotrophs; hyphae/mycelium
Are fungi more closely related to plants or animals?	Animals
Common bread mold (phylum, genus)	Zygomycota; Rhizopus
AM fungi	Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; form plant root symbioses
Yeasts	Unicellular fungi; used in baking and brewing
Harmful effects of some yeasts	Can cause infections
Molds	Multicellular fungi; some produce antibiotics
what do harmful molds do	Produce toxins; cause food spoilage
Why fungi are decomposers	They secrete enzymes and absorb nutrients
Lichen	Symbiosis between fungus and algae or cyanobacteria
Mycorrhizae	Symbiosis between fungus and plant roots
If an organism is found inside a wet bathroom wall, what is it likely?	Mold
If an organism is found on forest detritus, what could it be?	Slime mold or fungus (check life cycle)
Green, stringy organism in a pond	Algae or protist
Green, single-celled organism in water	Cyanobacteria or protist
Large, flat, green sheet growing in water	Algae
Microscopic, colorless organism ingesting particles in pond water	Protozoan (heterotrophic protist)
IF an organism is found growing inside a bathroom wall with a leak AND there is little or no light	THEN it is most likely mold (fungi), because fungi do not require light for energy
IF the organism lacks chloroplasts and photosynthetic pigments	THEN it is mold, not algae
IF the organism grows as branching filaments (hyphae) within walls or building materials	THEN it is mold (fungi)
IF the organism grows as branching filaments (hyphae) within walls or building materials	THEN it is mold (fungi)
IF an organism requires light and performs photosynthesis	THEN it could be algae (unlikely inside walls)
Moves as a creeping, amoeboid (plasmodial) mass during its life cycle	Slime mold
Ingests food by phagocytosis and forms a plasmodium or aggregates during its life cycle	Slime mold
Moves as a creeping, amoeboid (plasmodial) mass	Slime mold
IF an organism grows as hyphae and forms a mycelium	THEN it is fungi
Eukaryotic organism that digests food externally and absorbs nutrients	Fungus
IF an organism reproduces by forming spores from hyphae	THEN it is fungi
Multicellular, photosynthetic organism lacking true roots, stems, and leaves	Algae (photosynthetic protist)
IF the organism is long, filamentous, and photosynthetic	THEN it is most likely a protist (algae)
IF the organism has chloroplasts, lacks vascular tissue, and lacks true roots, stems, and leaves	THEN it is algae/protist, not a vascular plant.
IF cells lack a nucleus	THEN it is prokaryotic — either Bacteria or Archaea. Cyanobacteria are one type of bacteria.
Eukaryotic organism with a nucleus and chloroplasts but no true tissues	Photosynthetic protist (algae)
Single-celled, photosynthetic organism	Cyanobacteria (prokaryote) or unicellular photosynthetic protist (algae)
IF the organism lacks a nucleus	THEN it is prokaryotic — either Bacteria or Archaea. Cyanobacteria only applies if it is a photosynthetic bacterium.
IF the organism has a nucleus and chloroplasts	THEN it is a protist (unicellular algae)
Unicellular eukaryotic organism capable of motility using cilia or flagella	Protist
If an organism is prokaryotic	It is a bacterium (or archaeon); it cannot be a plant, protist, fungus, or animal
Large, photosynthetic organism lacking true roots, stems, and leaves	Algae
Photosynthetic organism with chloroplasts but no vascular tissue and no true roots, stems, or leaves	Algae
A photosynthetic, aquatic eukaryotic organism that lacks true roots, stems, and leaves.	Algae
IF the organism has specialized tissues and vascular systems	THEN it is a plant
Photosynthetic organism lacking true tissues (no roots, stems, or leaves)	Algae
Microscopic, single-celled eukaryotic organism	Protist (not an animal)
Ingests food particles by phagocytosis	Heterotrophic protist (protozoan or slime mold stage)
Eukaryotic organism lacking true tissues and organs	Protist
Transparent, unicellular organism that moves using cilia or pseudopods	Protozoan (heterotrophic protist)
Multicellular organism with specialized tissues	Animal (true tissues); not a protist — uncommon in pond samples
What traits are MOST useful for identifying an unknown organism?	Cell type (prokaryotic vs eukaryotic), nutrition (photosynthesis vs absorption vs ingestion), motility, body organization, and environment
Eukaryotic organism with no vascular tissue, no chloroplasts, and chitin cell walls	Fungus
Uses cilia or pseudopods for movement	Protozoan (protist, not algae)
what type of protist is eukaryotic heterotrophic usually unicellular and often moves using cilia flagella or pseudopods	protozoan/animal-like protist
Multicellular organism with specialized tissues found in pond sample	Animal (rare compared to protists)
Multicellular with specialized tissues vs. multicellular without	With specialized tissues → animal; without → protist or algae
Eukaryotic but no true tissues or organs	Protist (not plant, animal, or fungus)
Lacks tissues and organs — unicellular or simple multicellular	Protist (not animal or plant)
Aquatic, multicellular, photosynthetic organism with no true roots, stems, or leaves	Algae (not a plant)
Non-photosynthetic eukaryote that absorbs nutrients and lacks vascular tissue	Fungus
Multicellular, non-photosynthetic organism with hyphae (no vascular tissue)	Fungus
Organism forms a moving plasmodium during its life cycle	Slime mold
Multinucleate, flowing mass that later forms spores	Slime mold
Nucleus + chloroplasts; unicellular or simple multicellular	Protist (algae), not plant
Phagocytosis + life cycle includes a plasmodium/aggregated mass	Slime mold
Photosynthetic, structurally simple eukaryote	Algae (photosynthetic protist)
Photosynthetic prokaryotes that can live in water and are sometimes called blue-green algae.	Cyanobacteria
What is binomial nomenclature?	A two-part scientific naming system using the genus name and species identifier.
Who is credited with establishing binomial nomenclature?	Carolus Linnaeus.
What are the three domains of life?	Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
What are the four kingdoms in domain Eukarya?	Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Before DNA analysis, what was used to classify organisms?	Observable evidence such as body structure, anatomy, embryology, fossils, and behavior.
What is an ancestral trait?	A trait inherited from a common ancestor.
What is a derived trait?	A newer trait that evolved after a lineage split from its ancestor.
What is a homologous trait?	A similar trait shared because organisms inherited it from a common ancestor.
Example of a homologous trait	The forelimbs of humans, bats, whales, and cats; they share the same basic bone pattern.
What is an analogous trait?	A trait with a similar function that evolved separately in different lineages.
Example of an analogous trait	Bird wings and insect wings; both are used for flight but evolved separately.
How does convergent evolution relate to analogous traits?	Convergent evolution produces analogous traits in unrelated organisms with similar environmental pressures.
What is evolutionary reversal?	When a lineage returns to or loses back toward an older ancestral form of a trait.
What is an obligate aerobe?	An organism that requires oxygen to survive.
What is an obligate anaerobe?	An organism that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.
What is a facultative anaerobe?	An organism that can use oxygen when it is present but can also survive without oxygen.
What is an autotroph?	An organism that makes its own food from nonliving energy sources such as light or chemicals.
What is a heterotroph?	An organism that gets nutrients by consuming or absorbing organic material from other organisms.
What is a saprotroph?	A heterotroph that gets nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter.
What is the difference between a heterotroph and a saprotroph?	A heterotroph gets organic nutrients from other organisms; a saprotroph specifically feeds on dead or decaying material.
What is a photoautotroph?	An organism that uses light energy to make its own food.
What is a chemoautotroph?	An organism that uses chemical energy to make its own food.
What is a chemoheterotroph?	An organism that gets both energy and carbon from organic molecules.
What is commensalism?	A relationship where one organism benefits and the other is not helped or harmed.
What is mutualism?	A relationship where both organisms benefit.
What is parasitism?	A relationship where one organism benefits and the host is harmed.
What is taxonomy?	The science of naming and classifying organisms.
What is a taxon?	A named group of organisms at any classification level.
What is a monophyletic group?	A group that includes one common ancestor and all of its descendants.
What is parsimony in classification?	The idea that the simplest explanation with the fewest evolutionary changes is preferred.
Basic structure of a virus	Genetic material, either DNA or RNA, inside a protein capsid; some viruses also have an envelope.
What does it mean if a virus has an envelope?	The virus has an outer lipid membrane around its capsid, usually taken from the host cell membrane.
Are viruses usually host specific?	Yes. Viruses usually infect only certain host cells because they must attach to specific receptors.
Example of viral host specificity	Bacteriophages infect bacteria, and HIV infects certain human immune cells.
Is a virus considered a living organism?	No. Viruses are not usually considered living because they are not cells and cannot reproduce without a host cell.
Why do viruses need host cells?	Viruses lack the cell machinery needed to reproduce, so they use the host cell to make new viruses.
What is a vaccine?	A preparation that exposes the immune system to a harmless form or piece of a pathogen.
How does a vaccine work?	It trains the immune system to recognize a pathogen and respond faster if exposed later.
Connection between chickenpox and shingles	The same virus causes both; after chickenpox, varicella-zoster can remain latent and later reactivate as shingles.
What is a prion?	An infectious misfolded protein that causes other proteins to misfold.
Two diseases caused by prions	BSE, also called mad cow disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Why are prion diseases especially dangerous?	They damage nervous tissue, are difficult to destroy, have no DNA or RNA, and are usually fatal.
What is a viroid?	A tiny infectious RNA molecule with no protein capsid.
What organisms are usually affected by viroids?	Plants.
Example of a viroid disease	Potato spindle tuber disease.
What is a pathogen?	A disease-causing agent.
What is a vector?	An organism that carries and transmits a pathogen to another organism.
What does lyse mean?	To burst or break open a cell.
What does acute mean in disease?	Short-term and usually rapid in onset.
What does chronic mean in disease?	Long-lasting or recurring over a long period of time.
What does asymptomatic mean?	Infected or carrying a disease without showing symptoms.
What is viral latency?	A period when a virus remains inactive or hidden inside the host before reactivating.
What is an oncogenic virus?	A virus that can cause cancer.
What is an oncolytic virus?	A virus that infects and kills cancer cells.
What is a prokaryote?	A cell or organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Which domains are prokaryotic?	Bacteria and Archaea.
Major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes	Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotes have them.
What does extremophile mean?	An organism that lives in extreme conditions.
What category of organisms includes many extremophiles?	Archaea.
How are Archaea and Eubacteria similar?	Both are prokaryotic and lack a nucleus.
How are Archaea and Eubacteria different?	They differ in cell wall structure, membrane chemistry, genetics, and common habitats.
What does Eubacteria mean?	True bacteria; it refers to the domain Bacteria.
What type of asexual reproduction do prokaryotes use?	Binary fission.
Describe binary fission	The cell copies its DNA, elongates, and splits into two genetically identical cells.
Why do prokaryotes not do sexual reproduction like eukaryotes?	They do not make gametes or use meiosis, and they do not have a nucleus.
How can bacterial populations change if they reproduce asexually?	Through mutations, natural selection, and gene transfer such as transformation, transduction, and conjugation.
What are cocci?	Spherical bacteria.
What are bacilli?	Rod-shaped bacteria.
What are spirilla?	Spiral-shaped bacteria.
Which phylum of bacteria is photoautotrophic?	Cyanobacteria.
What is an antibiotic?	A chemical that kills bacteria or slows bacterial growth.
What organisms are antibiotics usually effective against?	Bacteria.
What is a bactericidal antibiotic?	An antibiotic that kills bacteria.
What is a bacteriostatic antibiotic?	An antibiotic that stops or slows bacterial growth without directly killing the bacteria.
How can bacteria benefit crop plants?	Some bacteria fix nitrogen, making nitrogen available to plants.
How can bacteria benefit ecosystems?	They decompose dead matter and recycle nutrients.
How can bacteria benefit human health?	Helpful bacteria aid digestion, compete with harmful microbes, and can make vitamins.
How can bacteria benefit the economy?	Bacteria are used in food production, medicine, biotechnology, and waste treatment.
What is an endospore?	A tough, dormant bacterial structure that helps some bacteria survive harsh conditions.
What does the endosymbiotic hypothesis explain?	How mitochondria and chloroplasts likely originated from smaller prokaryotes living inside larger cells.
According to the endosymbiotic hypothesis, what did mitochondria come from?	Aerobic bacteria that became part of early eukaryotic cells.
According to the endosymbiotic hypothesis, what did chloroplasts come from?	Photosynthetic bacteria, similar to cyanobacteria, that became part of early eukaryotic cells.
Why are protists difficult to classify?	Protists are very diverse and do not form one single natural taxonomic group.
When do many organisms use asexual reproduction?	When conditions are stable or favorable and fast reproduction is useful.
When do many organisms use sexual reproduction?	When conditions are stressful or changing and genetic variation is useful.
What does the term algae refer to in this unit?	Photosynthetic eukaryotic protists; algae are not one formal taxonomic group.
Are algae and cyanobacteria the same thing?	No. Algae are eukaryotic photosynthetic protists; cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotic bacteria.
What molecule type produces colors in living organisms?	Pigments.
Why can photoautotrophs be red, brown, or colors other than green?	They have different pigments that absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light.
Unicellular algae example	Chlamydomonas or diatoms.
Filamentous algae example	Spirogyra.
Colonial algae example	Volvox.
Multicellular algae example	Kelp or seaweed.
What makes Volvox unique?	It is a colonial green alga with coordinated flagella and daughter colonies inside the parent colony.
What unique structure do diatoms have?	A glass-like silica shell called a frustule.
Commercial use of diatoms	Diatomaceous earth is used in filters, abrasives, and some pest-control products.
Unique features of dinoflagellates	Many have two flagella, cellulose plates, and some are bioluminescent.
Environmental problem caused by dinoflagellates	They can cause red tides or harmful algal blooms that release toxins and harm aquatic life.
How can red tide happen?	A rapid bloom of toxin-producing dinoflagellates can discolor the water and poison marine organisms.
Unique feature of amoebas	They use pseudopods for movement and food capture.
Human illness caused by some amoebas	Amoebic dysentery can be caused by Entamoeba histolytica from contaminated food or water.
Unique features of Paramecium	Paramecium uses cilia for movement and feeding and has contractile vacuoles for water balance.
Example of a ciliate	Paramecium.
What is the macronucleus in ciliates for?	Daily cell functions and normal metabolism.
What is the micronucleus in ciliates for?	Genetic exchange during sexual reproduction/conjugation.
How are slime molds and water molds similar to fungi?	They can act as decomposers and can produce spores.
How are slime molds and water molds different from fungi?	They are protists, not fungi; many have motile stages and do not have chitin cell walls like true fungi.
What is a producer?	An organism that makes organic food and forms the base of a food chain.
What is a mixotroph?	An organism that can use both autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
What is a zooflagellate?	An animal-like protist that moves using flagella.
What is bioluminescence?	The production of light by a living organism.
Difference between heterotrophic and saprotrophic	Heterotrophic means getting nutrients from other organisms; saprotrophic means getting nutrients by decomposing dead material.
What are hyphae?	Threadlike fungal filaments that absorb nutrients.
What is mycelium?	The mass or network of hyphae that makes up most of a multicellular fungus.
What is a thallus in fungi?	The body of a fungus or simple plant-like organism that is not divided into true roots, stems, and leaves.
What is a fruiting body?	The reproductive structure of a fungus that produces spores.
What is a fungal spore?	A reproductive cell that can develop into a new fungus.
How do yeasts usually reproduce?	By budding.
What is budding in fungi?	A form of asexual reproduction where a small new cell grows off the parent cell and separates.
Three stages of sexual reproduction in fungi	Plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis.
What is plasmogamy in fungi?	Fusion of cytoplasm from two fungal cells.
What is karyogamy in fungi?	Fusion of nuclei from two fungal cells.
What is meiosis in fungal sexual reproduction?	Division that produces genetically different haploid spores.
What are chytrids?	Mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated spores; phylum Chytridiomycota.
What are zygomycetes?	Fungi that form resistant zygospores; black bread mold is an example.
What are glomeromycetes?	Fungi that form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant roots.
What are ascomycetes?	Sac fungi that produce spores in asci; examples include yeasts, morels, truffles, and Penicillium.
What are basidiomycetes?	Club fungi that produce spores on basidia; examples include mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, and smuts.
Beneficial examples of sac fungi	Baker’s yeast, brewer’s yeast, edible morels/truffles, and Penicillium.
Harmful examples of sac fungi	Candida, ergot fungus, and some fungal plant pathogens.
Examples of club fungi	Mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts.
What is a basidium?	A club-shaped reproductive structure in club fungi.
What does a basidium produce?	Basidiospores.
What plants do smuts and rusts usually infect?	Crop plants, especially grains and grasses.
Phylum and genus of the deadliest mushroom group	Phylum Basidiomycota; genus Amanita.
What relationship exists in lichens?	Mutualism, because both partners benefit.
What is crustose lichen?	A crust-like lichen that grows tightly attached to a surface.
What is foliose lichen?	A leaf-like lichen with flattened lobes.
What is fruticose lichen?	A branching or shrubby lichen.
Why are lichens important in ecosystems?	They help form soil, can be pioneer species, provide food/habitat, and can indicate air quality.
Where are mycorrhizae found?	Around or inside plant roots.
What is ectomycorrhizae?	A type of mycorrhizae where fungal hyphae wrap around the outside of plant roots.
What is arbuscular mycorrhizae?	A type of mycorrhizae where fungal hyphae enter plant root cells and form branching structures.
What does septate mean in fungi?	Hyphae divided by cross-walls called septa.
What does aseptate mean in fungi?	Hyphae without regular cross-walls, so the cytoplasm is continuous.
Cause of athlete’s foot and jock itch	Fungi: dermatophytes.
Cause of BSE or mad cow disease	Prion.
Cause of bubonic plague	Bacterium: Yersinia pestis.
Cause of chickenpox	Virus: varicella-zoster virus.
Cause of chlamydia	Bacterium: Chlamydia trachomatis.
Cause of the common cold	Usually a virus, often rhinovirus.
Cause of HPV infection	Virus: human papillomavirus.
Cause of gonorrhea	Bacterium: Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Cause of hepatitis	Usually hepatitis viruses, such as hepatitis A, B, or C.
Cause of herpes	Virus: herpes simplex virus.
Cause of influenza	Virus: influenza virus.
Cause of Lyme disease	Bacterium: Borrelia burgdorferi.
Specific mosquito that spreads malaria	Anopheles mosquito.
Cause of measles	Virus: measles virus.
Cause of oral thrush	Fungus: Candida.
Cause of peptic ulcers	Bacterium: Helicobacter pylori.
Cause of rabies	Virus: rabies virus.
Cause of red tide	Protist: toxin-producing dinoflagellates.
Cause of ringworm	Fungi: dermatophytes.
Cause of syphilis	Bacterium: Treponema pallidum.
Major source/host connected with toxoplasmosis	Cats are the definitive host and can shed Toxoplasma oocysts.
Cause of tuberculosis	Bacterium: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Cause of white-nose syndrome in bats	Fungus: Pseudogymnoascus destructans.

Created by: lalayomama

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