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Bio II Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Did Darwin say survival of the fittest? | No |
| How did Darwin define evolution? | Descent with modification |
| Give the term that describes the study of fossils | Paleontology |
| Give the term that is used to describe inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments | Adaptations |
| Define natural selection | the occurrence of organisms with certain inheritable traits that are beneficial to living in their specific environment, and how they typically survive/reproduce better than those without the adaptations |
| How long was Darwin on the HMS Beagle? | 5 years (1831-1836) |
| What was the name of the first book Darwin wrote? | "On the Origin of Species" |
| Give the term used to describe species that are modified over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits | Artificial selection |
| List Darwin's 2 observations | 1) organisms in a population vary in their inherited traits 2) all organisms have the capacity to reproduce more offspring that what their environment can handle, but most offspring cannot survive/reproduce |
| Describe homologous structures | similar structures that organisms share due to common ancestry |
| Describe convergent evolution | the independent evolution of similar structures in organisms with different lineages |
| Why is biogeography important in terms of classification? | the study of geographic distribution of organisms; helpful in terms of classification since it allows scientists to determine where species live and what organism "originated" the species |
| Is evolution supported by lots of scientific evidence? | Yes |
| Is genetic variation needed for evolution? | Yes |
| Define genetic variation | The differences bewteen individuals when comparing their genetic composition or DNA sequence |
| Give the term for coding sequences | Exons |
| Define a point mutation | a change in one base of a gene |
| Give the term used to describe differences in DNA variation that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage | Neutral variations |
| List the 3 mechanisms that shuffle existing alleles in sexual reproduction | 1) Crossing over 2) Independent assortment of chromosomes 3) Fertilization |
| Give the Hardy-Weinberg equation for allele frequency | p + q = 1 |
| Is genetic drift a type of natural selection? | Yes; has a greater effect on smaller populations |
| List the 2 types of genetic drift | 1) Founder effect 2) Bottleneck effect |
| What is gene flow? | the transfer of alleles between populations due to the movement of a fertile individual or its gametes |
| Give the term used to describe differences in secondary characteristics between males and females of the same species | Sexual dimorphism |
| Define balancing selection | Can maintain variation at certain loci of a gene, resulting in 2 or more phenotypic forms in the population |
| Give the biological species concept | defines a species as a population whose members can successfully mate and breed to produce viable, fertile offspring |
| Give the term used to describe barriers that impede members of 2 species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring | reproductive isolation |
| Name the barrier that does not zygotes to develop into viable, fertile offspring | Postzygotic barrier |
| Give the term used to describe species formation because of geographical isolation | Allopatric speciation |
| What is polyploidy? | When a new species develops due to a mistake during cell division, which results in an organism who has extra sets of chromsomes; most common in plants |
| Can sympatric speciation be driven by sexual selection? | Yes |
| Are the apple pests considered an example of habitat differentiation? | Yes |
| Describe a hybrid zone | An area where 2 different species meet and interbreed, producing hybrid offspring, The location of a hybrid zone is usually right where the 2 habitats of each species meet/come together |
| Give the term used to describe periods of stasis, followed by sudden change. | Punctuated equilibrium |
| Do we think it was slow or fast speciation that produced sunflowers? | Fast |
| List the 4 main stages that produced simple cells | 1) The abiotic sythesis of small molecules (AAs, nitrogenous bases) 2) The joining of these small molecules into larger ones 3) The packaging of large molecules into protocells 4) The origin of self-replicating molecules, allowing inheritance |
| How old is the Earth? | 4.5 billion yrs old |
| Name the scientists who, independently, verified that the eraly atmosphere of the Earth was a reducing environment | Miller and Urey |
| Give the term used to describe the precursor of a living cell. | Protocell |
| What documents the history of life? | Fossil record |
| Are ribozymes self-replicating enzymes? | Yes |
| Give the term used to describe mammals having 4 limbs | Tetrapods |
| List the 3 eras of the Phanerozoic | 1) Paleozoic 2) Mesozoic 3) Cenzoic |
| Did the huge rise of oxygen in the atmosphere help in the evolution of eukaryotic cells? | Yes; but doomed many prokaryotic organisms |
| Give the term used to describe a relationship between 2 species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism | Endosymbiosis |
| How many mass extinctions have we DESCRIBED? | 5; we are believed to be in the 6th currently |
| Why is there very little change in heat shock protein genes? | It's because they are highly important genes/don't evolve much |
| Is evolution headed toward a goal or is it tinkering? | Tinkering |
| Are there evolutionary "trends"? | Yes |
| Give the term used to describe the evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species | Phylogeny |
| Give the hierarchical classification | DKPCOFGS |
| Describe a sister taxa | 2 species that share a most recent common ancestor that is not shared amongst any other taxon. They are each other's closest living relatives |
| What is a basal taxon? | A species that is the 1st/earliest of the group to branch off |
| Are analogies due to convergent evolution? | Yes |
| What is an outgroup? | An outgroup is a species that is related to the ingroup but is not a part of the ingroup |
| Give the term used to describe homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation | Orthologous genes |
| Give the term used to describe homologous genes that are found in the same genome because of gene duplication | Paralogous genes |
| List the 3 domains | 1) Archaea 2) Bacteria 3) Eukarya |
| Describe horizontal gene transfer | the transfer of genes between 1 or more genomes that can involve transposable elements, viral activity, plasmids, or possible fusions of different organisms |
| What color are Gram+ cells? | Purple |
| Why is a bacterial capsule important? | It provides a protective, sticky layer of polypeptides that encases the cell wall to provide extra security/layer of protection |
| Why does V like endospores? | because they are released by bacteria living in extreme environments, especially when water/nutrients are scarce//in tough living conditions |
| Nucleoid in a prokaryote is analogous to what in a eukaryote? | Nucleus |
| R plasmids are responsible for? | Resistance genes --> provide resistance against antibiotics |
| List 3 ways genetic recombination can occur in bacteria | 1) transformation 2) transduction 3) conjugation |
| Describe a chemoautotroph | An organism whose energy source is inorganic chemicals, and whose carbon source is either CO or HCO3 |
| What is an obligate aerobe? | An organism whose cells require oxygen/O2 for cellular respiration |
| Can chemoheterotrophic prokaryote also be responsible for decomposing? | Yes |
| What are pathogenic bacteria? | Have the ability to make us sick; only 3-5% of all bacteria are actually pathogenic to humans |
| Why does V call protists the "island of misfits"? | Because protists are similar to eukaryotes and bacteria, but not all criteria is the same |
| Which group of SAR includes diatoms? | Stramenophiles |
| Give the term used to describe sporophytes that are structurally different | Heteromorphic |
| What are alveoli? | Membrane-bound sacs found near plasma membrane of alveolates |
| In alternation of generations, what part of the life cycle is 2N? | Sporophytes |
| Are apicomplexans usually parasites of animals or humans? | Animals |
| Do rhizarians include amoebas? | Yes |
| Name the 2 main groups of green algae | 1) Chlorophytes 2) Charophytes |
| What is a producer? | Organisms (like many protists) who are autotrophic and are later consumed by other heterotrophic organisms to provide energy for them in return |
| What is a consumer? | an organism who consumes other organisms to obtain energy/nutrients |
| Give the term used to describe a durable polymer cover that covers the zygote and forms the walls of plant spores | Sporopollenin |
| Name the structure that allows for the exchange of CO2 and O2 between the outside and the plant | Stomata |
| Nonvascular plants are also known as? | Bryophytes |
| Gymnosperms are also known as? | "naked seed" plants |
| What phylum do liverworts belong in? | Lycophytes |
| Were seedless vascular plants the first plants to grow tall? | Yes |
| What is the job of phloem? | Has cells that transport sugars, nutrients, and other physical molecules throughout the plant |
| Name the primary photosynthetic organ | Leaves |
| Give the term used to describe species that have 2 different types of sporophylls | Heterosporous |
| Name the phylum that includes ferns | Monilophytes |
| List the 2 kinds of spores | 1) microspores (male) 2) megaspores (female) |
| What protects the pollen grain? | Sporopollenin |
| List one advantage that seeds have over spores | They are able to be carried by the wind, as well as insects/animals for dispersal |
| Where do we find the seeds on gymnosperms? | Naked seeds --> found in cones |
| Do gymnosperms usually have 2 types of pine cones? | Yes |
| What is the job of flowers? | To reproduce sexually |
| Give the term used to describe the "petals" at the base of a flower | Sepals |
| Are stamens male or female parts of a plant? | Male (carry the pollen grain) |
| give an example of a fleshy fruit | Peaches |
| Give an example of a dry fruit | beans/legumes |
| Give the term usesd to describe a plant with one seed leaf | Monocot |
| What is meant by basal angiosperm? | These are angiosperm that diverged from the evolutionary lineage of angiosperms prior/separate compared to other angiosperms in the lineage |
| Name the 6 crops that provide 80% of calories consumed | 1) wheat 2) rice 3) maize 4) potatoes 5) cassava 6) sweet potatoes |
| Are fungi found everywhere? | Yes |
| How do fungi get their food? | Heterotrophic // absorption |
| Are there fungi that are parasitic and pathogenic? | Yes |
| Describe a mutualistic relationship | This is where one organism benefits from living on/utilizing another organism in some way, and in which the organism that is benefitting the other one is NOT harmed by this exchange |
| Give the term used to describe a mat of hyphae | Mycelium |
| Give the term used to desecribe the association of a fungus with a plant root | Arbuscules |
| Can fungi reproduce asexually and sexually? | Yes |
| What is plasmogamy? | This is the connection of 2 cells' plasma membranes |
| Describe a dikaryon | This organism has 2 nuclei, one from each parent |
| Are molds asexually reproducing fungi? | Yes |
| Describe the ancestor of a fungi | A single-celled, aquatic, flagellated protist |
| Give the term used to describe a unicellular ameboid protist that is more closely related to fungi than other protists | Nucleariids |
| Are fungi and animals a monophyletic group? | No; protists are too |
| Are microsporidians parasites of protists or animals? | Protists |
| Name the organism responsible for Colony Collapse Disorder | Nosema cerranae |
| Describe a commensal symbiont | This is an organism that benefits from another organism, while leaving the host organism unharmed/neutral |
| What is the job of the zygosporangium? | Protects the zygote |
| Name the genus of the organism that led to the "one gene - one enzyme" hypothesis | Neuspora sp. |
| What phylum do mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi belong in? | Basidiomycota |
| Describe an endophyte | A harmless algae that lives between plant cell wells; can produce a toxin to help deter herbivores |
| What is the relationship between leaf cutter ants and fungi? | Leaves that ants cut feeds the fungi --> fungi feeds ants in return |
| What does Cryphonectria parasitica cause? | It causes chesnut blight, responsible for decrease in # of chestnut trees in America |
| Do animal cells have cell walls? | No |
| How do most animals reproduce? | Sexually, through a flagellated sperm fertilizing an egg --> turns into diploid zygote |
| What follows the cleavage stage? | Blastula |
| Give the term used to describe a sexually immature form of an animal | Larva |
| Describe metamorphosis | This is the growth of a larva to a juvenile specimen. It more closely resembles the adult specimen, but is not yet fully sexually mature |
| Name the closest living relatives of animals | Choanoflagellates |
| Name the era in which we see the Ediacaran Biota | Neoproterozoic |
| Describe the Cambrian Explosion | Evolution of many species; extinction of soft-bodied animals and emergence of hard-bodied ones |
| Which vertebrates emerged as the top predators of the marine food web? | Fish |
| What is a body plan? | A set of morphological and physical features of each species that serve as the key differentiations between each species and their functions/structures/life-styles |
| List the 3 different types of symmetry | 1) radial 2) bilateral 3) none |
| Are lots of radial animals sessile? | Yes |
| Do sponges have tissues? | No |
| How many germ layers do bilaterally symmetrical animals have? | 3; triploblastic |
| Give a term used to describe a body cavity that forms form tissue derived from mesoderm | Coelem |
| Describe indeterminate cleavage | This is where the cleaved embryonic cells still have the capability of developing into a full embryo |
| What is another term for the blind pouch? | Archenteron |
| Do all animals share a common ancestor? | Yes |
| Which clade do most animals belong to? | Bilateria |
| Describe a lophophore | This is a crown of ciliated tentacles that aid in feeding |
| Give the term used to describe the process of shedding the old exoskeleton | Ecdysis |
| What phylum do morels belong in? | Ascomycota |
| What year was Bactrachohytrium dendrobatidis discovered? | 1998 |
| Give the term used to describe the female gametophyte in the ovule. | Embryo sac |
| Approximately how many plant species are there? | ~390,000 |
| The dominant lifecycle of bryophytes is? | Gametophytes |
| Why are many bryophytes found in moist habitats? | They lack vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) to transport water, which means they need direct absorption from their surroundings |
| SAR is defined by similarities in? | DNA similarities |
| Name the photosynthetic pigment in red algae | Phycoerythrin |
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