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APUSH Unit 5
Civil War and Reconstruction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Free-Soil Party | third party made of Conscience Whigs and the Liberty Party which was against slavery in the western territories |
| New England Emigrant Aid | a company that provided funds for people in New England, specifically Massachusetts, to move to Kansas to sway voting based on popular sovereignty from Kansas Nebraska Act |
| "bleeding Kansas" | series of massacres from 1854-1861 during which anti-slavery advocates and pro-slavery people fought each other to influence vote on slavery |
| popular sovereignty | population of a state votes on whether the state is free or slave |
| Compromise of 1850 | proposed by Henry Clay and enacted as 5 separate bills, some favoring North and some for the South. Admits California as a free state, abolishes slave trade in D.C., stronger fugitive slave act, and border settlement of Mexico and Texas. |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) | repealed Missouri Compromise, reopening slavery disputes in the West. Declared Kansas and Nebraska's slave status would be determined by popular sovereignty. |
| Crittenden Compromise | proposed by Crittenden but denied by northern states; restored Missouri Compromise line but prohibited congress from abolishing slavery in the future |
| Franklin Pierce | 14th president who passed Kansas-Nebraska Act and was controversial. Northern Democratic Republican dark horse. |
| Know-Nothing party | anti-Catholic, anti-Irish, party focused on preserving power of native born Americans |
| Republican party | rival of democratic party; emerged in 1850s, anti-slavery, strong central government |
| Fugitive Slave Law | mandates slaves to be returned to owners even in free state; part of Compromise of 1850 |
| Dred Scott vs. Sandford | Dred Scott and wife sue for freedom but are denied. Supreme Court rules that African American slaves and descendants are not citizens of the U.S. so they have no protective rights |
| Freeport Doctrine | during Lincoln and Douglass debate, Lincoln asks Douglass how states could prevent slavery to corner him; responds with the idea that states can stop slavery by refusing to pass laws protecting it |
| Harpers Ferry raid | slave revolt led by John Brown; 21 men (mostly white) raided an armory to get weapons, 16 men died and raid was shut down but increased sectionalism |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, a woman abolitionist, and portrays the cruel life of slave Uncle Tom |
| Impending Crisis of the South | written by Hinton R. Helper who believed white race was supreme, but argued against slavery because it hindered the southern economy. Only Southern Author to oppose slavery. |
| Homestead Act (1862) | a policy granting 160 acres of land to families who settled in the west as incentive |
| Fort Sumter | first battle of the Civil War; Union fort that Confederate South Carolina wanted as their own; Lincoln tried to send supplies once, but seen as an act of aggression, escalating conflict. General Anderson eventually surrendered the Fort |
| Bull Run | first full scale battle of Civil War; won by confederates and stonewall Jackson |
| Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson | Confederate General known for courage |
| Anaconda Plan | Union Plan of General Winfield Scott to cut off Confederate supply through naval blockades |
| George McClellan | Union army general nicknamed "Young Napoleon" good organizer but failed to take advantage of opportunities |
| Robert E. Lee | confederate commander of army who tried to restore peace after the war |
| Antietam | Battle won by Union turning back General Lee's forces; bloodiest day in American history |
| Ulysses S. Grant | 18th president of the U.S.; accepted confederate surrender to end war; supported enslaved people and was commanding general of the union army |
| Gettysburg | North wins major victory; turning point in the war; bloodiest battle spanning three days ending with failed Confederate pickett's charge |
| Vicksburg | strategic city on Mississippi river; siege of Vicksburg was 47 day Union siege and victory granting Union the Mississippi and splitting the confederacy in two |
| Sherman's March | March to the sea ending the war through complete destruction of civilians, property and will to fight through Atlanta, Columbia and other major cities |
| habeas corpus | legal procedure giving the right to lawful trial and prohibiting unlawful detainment; put on probation during civil war |
| Emancipation Proclamation | presidential order by Abraham Lincoln freeing slaves in confederate states and allowing black men to join Union army giving them an advantage |
| 13 Amendment | abolished slavery |
| Ex Parte Milligan | Court case ruling it unconstitutional to try civilians by military tribunals unless there is no civilian court |
| Copperheads | anti-war Northern democrats who didn't support Lincoln and wanted to end the war; also didn't support abolition of slavery |
| 14th amendment | granted citizenship to anyone born in America including former slaves and gave equal protection under the law |
| 15th amendment | gives African Americans the right to vote by stating that voting can not be restricted based on race, color or previous condition of servitude |
| Civil Rights Act of 1875 | prohibits racial discrimination in public services like transportation, churches etc. |
| Wade-Davis Bill (1864) | Radical Republican approach to reconstruction; 50% of voters have to pledge loyalty and south punished very harshly; property taken from land owners; passed by Congress, but vetoed by Lincoln |
| Freedman's Bureau | organization made to give education, clothing, etc. to freed blacks and poor whites and provide economic opportunities |
| Black Codes | laws and policies that practically kept freed blacks enslaved |
| Radical Republicans | republicans who believed south should be punished harshly for seceding; led by Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens and opposed slavery |
| Charles Sumner | Senator who degraded Southern senators and was beaten on the back of the head with a cane (bloody Sumner) |
| Thaddeus Stevens | leader of Radical Republicans and representative in the house of representatives |
| Scalawags | White Southerners who supported Republican Reconstruction policies; seen as traitors by other white southerners |
| Carpetbaggers | referred to Northerners who migrated to the South during reconstruction in hopes of gaining influence from freedmen; unwelcome strangers who were trying to leverage unwelcome influence |
| Blanche K. Bruce | born a slave and first African American to serve full term on the senate; republican from Mississippi who advocated for rights of African Americans and minority people groups |
| Hiram Revels | First African American Senator who took the place of Jefferson Davis; freeman his whole life and voted before the civil war |
| sharecropping | common practice of freed slaves after the civil war in which they would work a portion of land to get some profit from the owner; unfair system leading to cycles of debt |
| Ku Klux Klan | racist terrorist group whose goal was to defeat republican party and maintain white supremacy |
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SealStack