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Last Bio
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| GI Tract | Long tube from mouth to anus; Called the digestive or enteric tract 8 main sections with 4 main organs |
| GALT | Gut associated lymphoid tissue Lymph nodes + Peyer's patches |
| Oral Cavity | Over 600 microorganisms |
| Dental plaque | synergistic community of bacteria on teeth; type of biofilm |
| Stomach | sterile + low pH |
| Low intestine | billions of microbes, protective, helps with digestion |
| Infection | pathogens enter GI tract and multiply; fever is common |
| Intoxications | ingestion of preformed toxin; sudden symptoms |
| Dysentary ******** | severe diarrhea contains mucous + blood |
| Gastroenteritis | inflammation of stomach |
| Acute diarrhea | 3 or more loose stools in 24 hr period; high in children; due contaminated food |
| Salmonella | large genus of bacteria; caused by salmonella enterica |
| Salmonellosis | severe + mild forms; subside in 2-5 days HIGH ID 50 |
| ID 50 | measurement of how many organisms need to be ingested to cause disease |
| Prevention | avoid contact with bacterium |
| Treatment | fluids/electrolytes |
| Shigella | resemble E. Coli; primarily humans; some apes Cause Dysentary; low ID 50; invade large intestine |
| Endotoxin | cause fever |
| Enterotoxin | affect GI tract + damage mucosa/villi |
| Shiga toxin | serious damage to intestine |
| Shiga Toxin | identical exotoxin in Shigella; stool test Antibiotic treatment |
| Campylobacter | Caused by campylobacter jejuni prevent through water + milk sanitization |
| Clostridioides Difficle ( C- Diff ) | spore forming; normal biota of intestine superinfects large intestine when drugs disrupt biota; CAUSE PSEODOMEMBRANEOUS |
| Vibrio Cholerae | single flagellum; associated with salty water; produce cholera toxin Cells secrete fuilds (lots) causes rice water stools |
| Cryptosporidium | protozoan transmitted by food with feces with contaminated feces |
| Norovirus | fecal oral transmission cause viral gastroenteroitis |
| Rotavirus | prevented by vaccine; low mortality cause viral gastroenteroitis |
| NOT DIARRHEA CAUSING NOW | |
| Food poisoning | cause nausea/vomiting toxins produced when organisms incubates in food |
| Clostridium perfringens | form endospore then makes exotoxin |
| Bacillus Cereus | form endospores and spores survive |
| Chronic Diarrhea | longer than 2 weeks; AIDs patients suffer from Cyclospora |
| Giardia | cause by Giardia duodenalis ( in water ) SMELLL REALLLLL Baddddd |
| Dental caries | tooth decay; penetrate from enamel to dentin |
| Dental plaque | biofilm involved in formation of dental caries (decay) |
| Gingivitis | inflammation of gums |
| Mumps | target salivary glands prevented by MMR vaccine |
| Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease; | caused by helicobacter pylori; grows in stomach + produce urease |
| Hepatitis | inflammation marked by liver; causes jaundice (yellow tinge) |
| Hep. C | parental transmission; blood transfusion no vaccine |
| Nematodes | roundworms |
| Trematodes | flukes |
| Cestodes | tapeworms |
| Eosinophilia | increase in granular leukocytes destroy helminths |
| NEXXXXXXTTT | |
| Immunopathology | study of diseases overactive and underactive |
| Hypersensitivity | overreactivity |
| Hyposensitivity | underactive |
| HYPERSENSITIVITY TYPE 1: | |
| Atopy | chronic local allergy |
| Anaphylaxis | fatal reaction; airway obstruction |
| allergy | exaggerated immune response; inflammation |
| allergens | antigens that induce allergy |
| HYPERSENSITIVITY TYPE 2: | |
| IgG and IgM target foreign antigens | |
| alloantigen | present in some; not all members of same species |
| immune complex reaction | free floating complexes deposited into tissues |
| Immune complex disease | complexes deposited into membranes |
| delayed hypersensitivity | symptoms arise days after contact |
| Tuberculin reaction | skin inflammation at injection site of tuberculin |
| Contact dermatitis | allergen penetrates outer skin; epidermis damage |
| Grafts Rejection | T cells bind to tissue and starts rejection (2 weeks) |
| Autograft | from one body site to another on same individual |
| Isograft | tissue used from indentical twin |
| Allograft | genetically different individuals |
| Xenograft | between individuals of different species |
| Autoimmune diseases | individuals develop hypersensitivity to themselves; autoantibodies attack antigens |
| Genetics | develop autoantibodies to disease |
| Molecular immunity | antigens have similar structure as host |
| Infection | virus alters cell receptors |
| Gut microbiome | healthy biome trains immune system |
| Primary diseases | born with |
| secondary diseases | acquired after birth |
| Phenotypic | observations (morphology/physiology) |
| Immunologic | serological analysis |
| genotypic | genetic characteristics |
| Lab technique order 1-3 | Patient analysis, specimen collection, results put into chart |
| Specialized media | pathogen present in small numbers |
| Selective media | nonsterile specimens with many bacteria species; want one specimen growth |
| Differential media | identify different characteristics/patterns |
| Dichotomous key | flowchart to identify specimens |
| serology | in vitro testing for antibodies |
| blood plasma | liquid component of blood |
| blood serum | blood with all cells and no clotting factors |
| agglutination | antigens displays surface antigens antigen= same per well; antibody=diluted by half per well |
| Lower titer | agglutination stops quickly |
| Higher titer | agglutination proceeds longer |
| Hemagglutination | RBC antigens and complementary antibodies |
| Precipitin ring test | cloudy line forms to show antigen antibody ratio |
| Lateral flow test | prego test; fluid flows directly in one direction |
| Serotyping | identifying, classifying, subgrouping bacteria into serotypes |
| Western Blot | cell proteins separated by electrical charge in gel |
| Immunofluorescence testing | direct = unknown specimen fixed to slide indirect = antigen added to serum |
| ELISA Assay | antibody linked to enzyme Direct= want antigens; Indirect = want antibodies |
| specificity | focus on certain antigen/antibody |
| sensitivity | quantities of antibodies/antigens in specimen |
| Probes | small DNA /RNA segments |
| In sito | probes applied to cells |
| Microassays (chips) | gene sequences on absorbent plates |
| Urinary Tract | removes substances from blood; regulates body processes, form urine; transport out of body; kidney, bladder, ureters/urethra; urine is NOT STERILE |
| Genital system | known as reproductive system; |
| Lactobacillus | predominant genus in females promotes estrogen production |
| Urethritis | inflammation of urethra; can become a bladder infection; then can progress to ureters and then to kidneys (least worst to worst) |
| Cystitis | inflammation of urinary bladder; caused by E coli; Dysuria present ( painful urination) |
| Pyelonephritis | inflammation of one or both kidneys; caused by E coii; fever and back pain causes bacteremia; scar tissue can form |
| Sexually transmitted infections (SDI's) | formerly STDs; no signs/symptoms |
| Gonorrhea | caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae; cause inflammatiom + pus |
| Chlamydia | Nongonococcal urethritis; inflammation of urethra caused by Chlamydia trachtomatis; contributes to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) due to Polymicrobial infection (multiple microbes) |
| Salpingitis | infection of uretine tubes (effect fertility and prgenancy) |
| Vaginitis | inflammation of vagina due to infection; FUNGUS grows |
| Vaginosis | no inflammation; cause by BACTERIA (Gardnerella) |
| Syphilis | cause by Treponema pollidum grows slowly ; inflammation in stages 1st stage= lesions (chancre ) 2nd stage= skin + mucosa rashes Latent period = happens with no treatment; no symptoms Tertiary stage = years later gummas inflamed on organs |
| Cogenital syphilis | placenta to fetus |
| Genital herpes | cause by herpes virus (HSV-2) vesicles on genitals |
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