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Minerals
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Naturally occurring: | Created by nature. |
| Inorganic: | Cannot be created using any living thing, only NON-living. |
| Solid: | Minerals have a definite volume, and shape |
| Crystal Structure: | particles of a mineral lines up in a pattern over and over again |
| Definite chemical composition: | A mineral has definite chemical make-up of certain elements. |
| Mohs hardness scale: | Identifies hardness from softest to hardest of ten minerals. |
| Color: | Easily observed physical property. |
| Streak: | The color of the minerals powder is easily observed. |
| Luster: | Its reflection of light in the minerals surface. |
| Density: | How tightly packed the matter is in the mineral. |
| Crystal system: | The minerals actual polygon shape, example cube, or hexagon. |
| Cleavage: | Mineral breaks along a flat surface, smooth break. |
| Fracture: | Mineral breaks in an irregular way, jagged and uneven. |
| How Minerals Form: | Most minerals form in two ways: through crystallization of melted materials, and through crystallization of materials dissolved in water. |
| Crystallization through melted materials: | form from magma that cools inside the crust or lava that cools on the surface. Magma cools slowly creating large minerals, and lava cools quickly creating small minerals. |
| Minerals in Hot Water Solution: | Magma heats water to very high temperatures, when the hot water cools the water and leaves the solution that creates the crystallization. |
| Minerals form when | solutions evaporate. |
| Where minerals are found: | Many rare and valuable minerals are found in or near volcanic activity, mountain building, and bodies of water |
| Uses of minerals: | Gemstones: Metals, Ores, Prospector, Mining |
| Strip mines: | Equipment scrapes away the earth's surface to find ores |
| Open Pit mines: | Used when ores or on the earth's surface, but at least 100 meters down |
| Shaft mines: | are deep in the earth’s surface following the veins of an ore. |
| Smelting: | The process that is used after the ore is removed from the mine and the metal is removed from the ore. |
| Rocks | Make up the earth's crust, that are made of a mixture of minerals and other materials |
| Classifying Rocks: 3 ways of classifying rocks | A. texture B. Mineral Composition C. grain |
| Igneous Rocks Classified | formed from intense heat that comes from magma or lava. |
| A. Extrusive Rocks | igneous rocks formed from lava that erupted onto Earth's surface |
| B. Intrusive Rocks | igneous rocks formed from magma that hardens beneath Earth's surface. |
| Origin: | 1. Sedimentary: forms in layers from sediment 2. Igneous: forms from magma or lava 3. Metamorphic: formed deep underground with heat & pressure |
| Igneous Rocks: | formed from intense heat that comes from magma or lava. |
| Extrusive Rocks: | igneous rocks formed from lava that erupted onto Earth's surface |
| Intrusive Rocks: | igneous rocks formed from magma that hardens beneath Earth's surface. |
| Texture: | depends upon the size and shape of the crystals |
| Porphyritic texture | large crystals surrounded by small crystals, which form when magma cools in two stages. |
| Uses of Igneous Rocks: | Used because they are hard, dense, and durable |
| Basalt: | gravel |
| pumice: | cleaning and polishing |
| Perlite: | soil mixes |
| Obsidian: | sharp tools |
| Granite: | building materials |
| Sedimentary Rocks Classified: | formed from layers of sediment deposited by water and wind; sediment: small solid pieces of rock or living things. |
| Changing sediments to rocks: | A. Erosion: wind or water carry sediments B. Deposition: when the water or wind stops carrying the sediments C. Compaction: presses sediments together D. Cementation: when dissolved minerals and sediment glue together. |
| Organic Rocks: | formed when layers of plants and animals are deposited in thick layers |
| Chemical Rocks | when minerals are dissolved in a solution crystallize |
| Uses of Sedimentary Rocks: | A. Limestone and sandstone: building materials B. Coal: fossil fuel |
| Metamorphic Rocks Classified: | formed from heat and pressure deep beneath the earth's surface change sedimentary and igneous rocks into metamorphic |
| Grains: | the arrangement of the grains 1. Foliated: grains arranged in parallel layers or bands 2. Non-foliated: mineral grains are arranged randomly |
| 2. Uses of Metamorphic Rocks: | A. Marble: building materials B. Slate: flooring, roofing, chalkboards |
| 3. Changed Rocks: | A. Limestone to marble B. Sandstone to quartzite C. Shale to slate D. Granite to gneiss |
| The Rock Cycle: | Forces inside the Earth and at the surface of the Earth produce a rock cycle that builds, destroys, and changes the rocks in the crust. |
| Plate Tectonics: | A. Subducting Oceanic Plates B. Colliding Continental Plates |
| Sedimentary Rocks: | formed from layers of sediment deposited by water and wind; |
| sediment | small solid pieces of rock or living things. |
| Changing sediments to rocks: | A. Erosion: wind or water carry sediments B. Deposition: when the water or wind stops carrying the sediments C. Compaction: presses sediments together D. Cementation: when dissolved minerals and sediment glue together. |
| Clastic Rocks: | formed sedimentary rocks are squeezed together |
| Examples of clastic rocks | shale, sandstone, conglomerate, and breccia |
| Colliding Continental Plates: | Plate movement that causes folds, faulting, and uplifting of the crust that move rocks through the rock cycle. |
| Sub-ducting Oceanic Plates: | Plate movements (downward) drive the rock cycle by pushing rocks back into the mantle, where they melt and become magma again. |
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