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P7 Flashcards
Different from "Period Rev" flashcards which cover the paper Review Challenges.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Teddy Roosevelt's "Big Stick Diplomacy" (1901) | Foreign policy: 'Speak softly but carry a ________ ________.' Used military readiness & the threat of force to project US power. Sent the Great White Fleet around the Pacific. Drove Panama Canal construction. |
| W.E.B. DuBois publishes Talented Tenth (1903) | ___ argued that educating an elite class of Black leaders was key to racial advancement. Fight for vote immediately. End segregation immediately. Helped found the NAACP. Opposed Booker T. Washington's focus on vocational training. |
| Platt Amendment (1903) | Gave the US the right to intervene in Cuban affairs to protect its 'independence.' Justified repeated US military presence in Cuba. Effectively made Cuba a US protectorate. |
| Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty & Construction of the Panama Canal (1903) | Granted the US exclusive rights to build & control a canal across Panama. US paid Panama for the zone. Canal opened in 1914 — revolutionized global shipping and US naval strategy. |
| Roosevelt Corollary (1904) | Extended the Monroe Doctrine — US would intervene in Latin America to prevent European interference. Latin Americans saw it as bullying imperialism. A cornerstone of US 'big stick' foreign policy. |
| Upton Sinclair's The Jungle published (1905) | Sinclair exposed brutal meatpacking conditions to highlight worker exploitation. Instead, the public was outraged by contaminated food. Led directly to the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906). |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911) | 146 workers — mostly immigrant women — died when a garment factory caught fire & exits were locked. Shocked the public. Led to major labor reforms, fire codes & workplace safety regulations. |
| Taft's Dollar Diplomacy (1909-1913) | ___ used American investment to extend US political influence in Latin America & Asia. Replaced Roosevelt's 'big stick' with financial leverage. Critics saw it as crass imperialism. |
| Taft's Domestic Policies - Trust-Busting (1909-1913) | ___ dissolved Standard Oil & pursued more anti-monopoly cases than TR. But angered progressives by backing off steel & easing other reforms. Led TR to run against him in 1912. |
| Election of 1912 | Republicans split — Taft vs. TR's Bull Moose Party. Wilson's 'New Freedom' won. TR pushed New Nationalism; more gov regulation. Debs ran as Socialist. Wilson's victory ushered in progressive reform. |
| Wilsonian "Moral Diplomacy" in Mexico (1914) | ___ rejected Dollar Diplomacy. Promised no special support to foreign investors. Refused to recognize Mexico's Huerta regime. Pledged formal recognition only to democratic governments. |
| Outbreak of WWI & American "neutrality" (1914) | Franz Ferdinand's assassination triggered alliances into global war. US declared neutrality but traded with Allies & opposed German U-boat warfare. Selling arms to Allies made the US profitable. |
| Lusitania sunk - Unrestricted Submarine Warfare & Sussex Pledge (1915) | Germany sank the British liner ___, killing 1,200 including 128 Americans. US outraged. Sussex Pledge — Germany promised to warn ships before attacking — later broken. |
| Zimmermann Telegram & US Declaration of War (1917) | Germany secretly promised Mexico its lost territory if it allied against the US. Exposed by Britain. Combined with resumed U-boat attacks, it pushed Wilson to ask Congress to declare war. |
| Committee on Public Information & The Home Front (1917) | George Creel's CPI used posters, films & speakers to build pro-war sentiment. Women & minorities entered the workforce. Liberty Bonds sold. Anti-German hysteria spread across the country. |
| Wilson's 14 Points (1918) | Wilson's peace plan: end secret treaties, freedom of seas, self-determination, arms reduction & a League of Nations. Idealistic vision rejected by European Allies focused on punishing Germany. |
| American Expeditionary Force enters the War (1918) | Two million US 'doughboys' deployed to Europe under General Pershing. Fresh troops helped break German lines. Arrival boosted Allied morale & shifted the military balance decisively. |
| 18th Amendment - Prohibition (1918) | Banned manufacture & sale of alcohol — pushed by temperance movement. Led to speakeasies, bootlegging & organized crime. Golden age of gangsterism. Repealed by 21st Amendment in 1933. |
| Treaty of Versailles negotiated - its defeat (1919) | Punished Germany with reparations, disarmament & loss of colonies. Wilson's 14 Points largely ignored. US Senate rejected it — feared entanglement via League of Nations. Never ratified by US. |
| Schenck v. United States (1919) | Supreme Court upheld the Espionage Act. Justice Holmes coined 'clear and present danger' — free speech can be limited when it poses an immediate threat to public safety during wartime. |
| 19th Amendment - Women's Suffrage (1920) | Granted women the right to vote. Decades of activism — Seneca Falls, NAWSA, suffrage parades — built momentum. Women's WWI contributions convinced Wilson to publicly support the amendment. |
| Harlem Renaissance (1920s) | Great Migration brought African Americans north. Flowering of Black art, literature & jazz. New sense of racial pride — the 'New Negro.' Langston Hughes & Louis Armstrong became cultural icons. |
| Rise of Consumerism (1920s) | Post-war prosperity fueled by advertising, installment credit & new technology. Radio, Hollywood & electricity transformed daily life. Americans bought cars, appliances & consumer goods on credit. |
| Lost Generation writers - Hemingway & Fitzgerald (1920s) | ___ & ___ captured the disillusionment of WWI veterans & the emptiness beneath 1920s prosperity. Realist fiction critiqued materialism, conformity & the shift from tradition to modernism. |
| Palmer Raids & the Red Scare (1920) | Fear of Bolshevism sparked hysteria. AG Palmer raided leftist organizations & deported thousands. Sacco-Vanzetti trial reflected anti-immigrant, anti-radical paranoia gripping postwar America. |
| Immigration Quota Act & Immigration Act of 1924 (1921) | Cut immigration quotas to 2% of each nationality's 1890 US population. Targeted southern & eastern Europeans. Banned Japanese immigration entirely. Reflected nativist & racist attitudes. |
| Sacco-Vanzetti Trial (1921) | Two Italian anarchists convicted of robbery & murder on thin evidence. Many believed conviction was based on ethnicity & political views. Their execution inflamed anti-immigrant tensions nationwide. |
| Harding Presidency - economic policies & Teapot Dome Scandal (1921) | ___ promised 'return to normalcy' — cut taxes on the wealthy & reduced regulation. ___ ___ ___ — officials secretly leased federal oil reserves in exchange for bribes. Scandal consumed his legacy. |
| Dawes Plan (1924) | US banks loaned money to Germany to pay reparations to France & Britain, who repaid US war loans. Created a circular debt cycle — collapsed when the Great Depression hit in 1929. |
| Scopes Trial (1925) | Tennessee teacher John Scopes tried for teaching evolution. ACLU's Clarence Darrow exposed fundamentalism's contradictions. Scopes found guilty but the trial humiliated anti-evolution forces. |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) | Multinational pledge to outlaw war except in self-defense. Signed by 62 nations. No enforcement mechanism — proved useless. Failed to prevent Japanese, Italian or German aggression in the 1930s. |
| Stock Market Crash - causes & effects (1929) | Rampant speculation & buying on margin created an unsustainable bubble. October 1929 crash triggered bank failures, mass unemployment & global economic collapse — the Great Depression began. |
| Hoover's Response to the Depression - Smoot-Hawley Tariff & Bonus Army (1929-1930) | ___ opposed direct relief — believed in voluntary action. Smoot-Hawley raised tariffs, deepening the depression. ___ ___ of WWI veterans marched on Washington demanding early pension payment. |
| Dust Bowl (1930s) | Drought & years of overplowing turned the Great Plains into a wasteland. 'Okies' migrated west seeking work — depicted in Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath. Resettlement Administration tried to relocate farmers. |
| FDR's "First Hundred Days" - Glass-Steagall, FDIC & fireside chats (1933) | FDR's ___ ___ ___ launched the New Deal. Glass-Steagall separated commercial & investment banking; FDIC insured deposits. Fireside chats used radio to calm the public & build trust. |
| FDR's "Good Neighbor" Policy (1933) | ___ renounced Roosevelt Corollary & pledged non-intervention in Latin America. Withdrew marines from Haiti. Improved hemispheric relations. Reflected New Deal-era isolationism & anti-imperialism. |
| London Economic Conference (1933) | International attempt to coordinate a global response to the Great Depression. FDR refused to stabilize the dollar, causing the conference to collapse. Increased nationalism & isolationism worldwide. |
| FDR's New Deal - WPA, AAA, CCC, TVA & Social Security Act (1930s) | WPA employed millions on public works (relief). AAA paid farmers to reduce crops (recovery). CCC put youth to work in conservation (relief). TVA built dams. Social Security Act created old-age & unemployment benefits (reform). |
| Huey Long & Share Our Wealth (1934) | Louisiana senator Long proposed taxing the rich heavily & giving every American family $5,000. Wildly popular among the poor. Seen as demagogic radicalism. Assassinated in 1935 before challenging FDR. |
| Neutrality Acts (1935) | Banned arms sales & loans to nations at war. Intended to keep US out of another European conflict. Abandoned freedom of the seas. Reflected strong isolationist sentiment in Congress & the public. |
| FDR's Quarantine Speech (1937) | ___ called for an international 'quarantine' of aggressor nations like Japan. Proposed economic isolation. Public & congressional backlash forced him to back off — isolationism still dominated. |
| Court Packing Controversy (1937) | FDR proposed adding a new justice for every sitting justice over 70 — up to 6 new seats. Designed to overcome Supreme Court opposition to New Deal laws. Congress rejected it as a power grab. |
| Lend-Lease Program (1941) | Allowed the US to sell or loan weapons to any nation vital to American defense — 'Send guns, not sons.' Primarily aided Britain & the USSR. Germany viewed it as an act of war. |
| Atlantic Charter (1941) | FDR & Churchill pledged no territorial gains from WWII & committed to self-determination & collective security. A blueprint for the postwar world — inspired the United Nations. |
| Pearl Harbor (1941) | Japan's surprise attack on the US naval base in Hawaii killed 2,400 & destroyed 8 battleships. Congress declared war the next day. 'A date which will live in infamy.' US entered WWII. |
| Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) established (1941) | Executive order banned racial discrimination in defense industries & federal agencies. Created ___ to enforce it. Increased Black employment in war industries. Important but limited step toward equality. |
| War Production Board created (1942) | Shifted factories from consumer goods to war production. Smith-Connally Act allowed gov to seize striking industries. Labor unions cooperated for the war effort. Transformed the US into the 'Arsenal of Democracy.' |
| Executive Order 9066 (1942) | Authorized forced relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps — 120,000 people. Motivated by racial fear rather than security. Upheld by Supreme Court in Korematsu v. US. Later called a grave injustice. |
| Battle of Midway (1942) | Turning point in the Pacific. US code-breakers surprised the Japanese fleet. US sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers. Ended Japanese offensive momentum & shifted the initiative to the Allies. |
| D-Day Invasion (1944) | Allied forces landed on 5 beaches in Normandy, France — largest seaborne invasion in history. Opened a Western Front. Led to liberation of France & ultimately Germany's defeat in 1945. |
| Atomic Bombing - rationale & debates (1945) | US dropped bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki after Japan refused unconditional surrender. Ended WWII quickly. Debate continues: did it save lives by avoiding invasion, or was it a war crime against civilians? |
Created by:
dddemchuk12