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Respiratory
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| FXN: Pulmonary ventilation | Actual breathing portion; air in and out of the lungs during inspiration and expiration so that gases are continuously refreshed |
| FXN: Expiration | Air is going out, passive. Diaphragm relaxes (up) -> intercostals move down relax -> ribs move down -> sternum moves down. Thoracic volume decreases and pressure increases. |
| FXN: Inspiration | Air in, active, Diaphragm contracts/moves down, intercostal muscles lift up, ribcage lifts up, sternum lifts up. Thoracic volume increases, pressure decreases. |
| FXN: External Respiration | O2 diffuses from lungs to blood and CO2 diffuses from blood to lung due to cellular respiration; carried as bicarbonate, carbaminohemoglobin, dissolved in plasma |
| FXN: Internal Respiration | O2 diffuses from blood to tissue cells, and CO2 diffuses from tissues cells into blood, systemic capillaries (blood and cells) not in the lungs |
| Pressure and Volume | Inversely related, inside lung cavity it is a closed system. For air to go inside of the lungs, intra-alveolar pressure must be below 760 mmHg (atmospheric pressure). In high altitudes, cannot increase pressure and can’t make muscle contractions. |
| Upper Respiratory Tract: Nose | Only visible part, provides an airway for respiration, moistens & warms air, filters & cleans, resonance, olfactory receptors, hairs and mucus, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. |
| Sinuses | Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid all help with resonance, filtrations, warm and moisten air, and lighten skull. |
| Upper Respiratory Tract: Pharynx | Connects nasal cavity to superior larynx (air) and inferior esophagus (food), commonly known as throat. Dual system w/digestive |
| Respiratory Zone | Actual site of gas exchange, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli, and microscopic structures |
| Conducting Zone | Respiratory passageway nose to bronchioles, cleanse, humidifier, warm, air has fewer irritants. |
| Lower Respiratory Tract: Larynx | Voice box, attaches to hyoid, f: provides open airway, acts as a switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channel, voice production houses vocal cords. Cartilage connected by membranous ligaments |
| Lower Respiratory Tract: Larynx (epiglottis) | Elastic cartilage spoon shaped disc that is covered in taste buds and contains muscosa, extends from tongue to thyroid cartilage to protect larynx. Keeps food and liquid away from respiratory. |
| Choking | Upper trachea and the pathway to the lungs. If something happens to the epiglottis, the food may travel to the larynx instead of the esophagus. As food moves towards larynx, the ligaments reacts, push and pull to move the loose end to cover larynx |
| Vocal folds | Under laryngeal muscles, vocal ligaments, elastic fibers that form core mucosal folds that are called true vocal cords. Lack blood vessels. They vibrate producing sound as air rushes up from the lungs. Vocal folds + medial opening =f.vc =glottis for swall |
| Cell type | Stratified squamous epithelium that lines the superior larynx, below the vocal cords: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that filters dust and cilia moves towards pharynx’s and continually moves mucus away from larynx. |
| Lower Respiratory Tract: Trachea | Windpipe, Descends from larynx. Mucosa and when air reached the end of the trachea is is warm, cleansed of impurities, and saturated with water vapor, behind the esophagus oxygen to enter the lungs and carbon dioxide to exit during respiration. |
| Lower Respiratory Tract: Lungs | Responsible for blood and O2 exchange and right side is larger than the left The left lung is smaller, with a notch to accommodate the heart. |
| Lower Respiratory Tract: Bronchi | Two tubes coming from trachea and made of stratified cuboidal epithelium. Air goes in and branches into each lung |
| Lower Respiratory Tract: Bronchioles | Branches of Bronchi made up of simple cuboidal |
| Lower Respiratory Tract: Alveoli | Tiny sacs at the end of bronchioles they are simple squamous and are the primary site for gas exchange, allowing oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to be exhaled |
| Voice: Speech | How we form sounds, intermittent release of expired air are the glottis opens and closes; uses lips, tongue, and teeth. Develops solo |
| Voice: Pitch | Vocal cords; as length and tension of vocal folds change, the pitch varies, the tenser the higher. Males usually have longer and thicker vocal cords leading to a deeper voice |
| Voice: Loudness | Air behind the force in which air rushes across the vocal folds; utilizes muscles of the chest, abdomen, and back. |
| Voice: Amplification | Resonance which are due to nasal and oral cavities along with sinuses and the pharynx resonating chamber. |
| Voice: Language | Using speech for communication, but must have others. |
| Eupnea | Good, regular/normal breathing. |
| Hypernea | Over breathing due to exercise |
| Hyperventilation | Due to stress or pain, air is going in/out shallow breathing; blood becomes more alkaline without the CO2, so breathing in the CO2 restores balance |
| Hypoventilation | Slower and deeper breaths (sleeping or calm) |
| Dysphea | Difficultly in breathing; blocked airway |
| Orthophea | Difficulty breathing when laying down; pregnant or fat |
| Apnea | Stop breathing temporarily (swallowing due to epiglottis or snoring due to upper respiratory) |
| Apneusis | Breathe in but then stop (gasp) |
| Cheyne Stokes | Abnormal breathing due to brain damage |
| Biot’s breathing | Damage to the medulla; death gasp or less O2 |
| Surfactant | Lipid substance made by alveolar cells to reduce surface tension in alveoli and prevent alveolar collapse; make lungs easier to inflate. |
| Anatomic dead space | Air in conducting air ways nose ->bronchi -> bronchioles. No gas exchange and air never reaches alveoli. |
| Alveoli dead space | Air reaches alveoli but no gas exchange occurs due to poor or no blood flow. |
| Physiological dead space | Total dead space = anatomic and alveolar or all the air that does not participate in gas change. |
| Yawning | Helps regulate alertness and lung function; brain cooling and opens alveoli |
| Tidal volume | Air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing |
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume | Extra air you can forcefully inhale after a normal breath |
| Expiratory Reserve Volume | Extra air your can forcefully exhale after a normal exhale |
| Residual Volume | Air left in lungs after maximum exhalation |
| Vital Capacity | Maximum air you can move in and out TV+IRV+ERV |
| Total Lung Capacity | Total amount of air lungs can hold = VC + RV |
| Inspiratory capacity | Maximum air you can inhale after a normal exhale IC=TV + IRV |
| Functional Residual Capacity | Air left in lungs after normal exhale ERV +RV |
Created by:
nuhaSalim